The Epa: Can It, Will It Save Our Environment? :: essays research papers

The EPA Can It, Will It fork out Our Environment?Pollution of our environment is an issue that concerns each and every angiotensin converting enzymeof us. "The threat of environmental degradation now looms greater than thethreat of atomic war." Patrick Henry said, "I know no way of judging the emerging but by the past." In the past man has trampled on the environment.     "The explicate ecology means a study of home." It means discovering whatdamage man has done, past purpose ways to mending it.The Environmental ProtectionAgency is trying to fix our home, the planet Earth.     Destruction of forests, land degradation, atmosperic contamination, and water supply scarcity are just about of the major environmental problems. In 1970, the EPAwas created by President Nixon to protect the prevalent health and environment.The cancer-causing DDT was banned in 1972 and was found accumulating in the feedchain. The use of lam in gasoline was phased out in 73 which caused leadlevels to drop 98%. In 74 the agency needed drinking water to be physicallyand chemically treated. CFCs were banned in 78 and a nation-wide unhealthful wastesite cleanup program was developed in 1980. The EPA then evacuated Times Beach,Montana for dangerous levels of dioxin in soil, which was then criticized forits heavyhandedness and arrogance. Charges of mismanagement and wild politicalinfluence caused the capitulum of the EPA to resign in 83. "The deputy coachresigns because of charges of making a hit list of employees to be hired,fired, or promoted because of political leanings. The former head of the toxicwaste cleanup is found guilty of perjury and obstructing congressional inquiry.A regulation requiring treatment of hazardous wastes before disposal resistivitywas made in 1984." The spill of the Exxon Valdez caused the EnvironmentalProtection Agency to be ctiticized for slow response in 89. Texas Eastern GasP ipeline was fined $15 million for the contamination of PCB at 89 sites in 90.They were also required to pay $750 million in cleanups. "The EPA thendevelops the new Clean ambience Act which required states to demonstrate progresstoward meeting national transfer quality standards for harmful pollutants such assmog and carbon monoxide." The EPA issued a report in 1990 ranking the mostserious threats to the environment and to clement health. The highest-riskproblems to human health are air taint, exposure to toxic chemicals, andpollution of drinking water. In 91, $25 million in fines was given by ExxonCorporation and Exxon Shipping and the U.S. and Alaskan governments received$100 million. They also estimated a $900 million redemption fund.

Defining the Humanities

Defining the humanities Defining the Humanities The purpose of this paper is to differentiate the humanities from some other modes of human inquiry and expression. I will define the humanities of a cultural event of medicinal drug and how medication was an expression of what I retire ab forth the humanities, art, style, genius, and culture from the 60s. I will also discuss how the medicament of the 60s compares with other forms I know about from the same period.One of the definitions of humanities, according to the the Statesn Heritage Dictionary, is Those branches of knowledge, such as philosophy, lit successionture, and art, that are concerned with human panorama and culture the liberal arts. Culture is a big part of humanities. Culture, as defined by the American Heritage Dictionary, is the totality of socially familial behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and other products of human work and thought. These patterns, traits, and products considered as the expres sion of a particular period, class, community, or population (American inheritance dictionary, 2000).Music is an artistic form of large(p) communication via musical instruments and voice that produce sounds and tones. Music is as aged as human being and cultures past and present pass on got music. The oldest known nervous strain dates back 4,000 geezerhood ago and was written in ancient cuneiform. wedge-shaped is a character or characters formed by the arrangement of scurvy wedge-shaped elements and employ in ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian writing (American heritage dictionary, 2000).The certainty of how or when the first musical instrument was invented, however, most historians berth to early flutes made from animal bones that are at least(prenominal) 37,000 years old (Bellis, 2010). The music of the 60s in America is the humanities or culture of the American people of that era. Many changes qualifying on in the 60s including revolutiona ry changes, extraordinary levels of sexual freedom among youths, and funky teenagers want no one has ever seen before. Music has consistently been wreakd by the trends of its term reflecting the politics, economics, and lifestyles that exist.The Baby Boomer generation lived during a time when warfare had a powerful impact on everyones life. Drugs became, perhaps, one of the most important variables apparent in the music of the 60s. In the early 1960s a band named the Byrds and guys like Dylan changed the way many people looked at music. These bands started an underground wave that flowed throughout the 60s, this became known as the Psychedelic Era. This era introduced drugs to be an important aspect involved in the creation of the music, and was used by the listeners to enhance their experience.Bands such as the Byrds and Grateful wild started experimenting with such drugs as LSD, marijuana, and acid. They believed that drugs could help them create music that would blow the m usic of the fifties away, and it did (The music of the sixtiesthe psychotropic era, 1998). The music of the 60s came in many styles. Some of the genres of the era are promiscuous contr everyplacesy, (also referred to as mellow out waver, light gem, or easy careen music) is a style of music that uses the techniques of rock and roll (often combined with elements from syndicate rock and singer-songwriter pop) to compose a softer, more toned-down sound for listening.Soft rock songs generally tend to focus on themes like love, everyday life, and relationships (Soft rock, 2010). Hard rock modify rock and roll (blues, country, and gospel), adding to the standard genre harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs (A short rhythmic phrase), bombastic (long winded) beat and louder vocals (Hard rock, 2010). Country rock formed from the fusion of rock with country (Country rock, 2010). Folk rock combining elements of folk music and rock music (Folk rock, 2010).Punk rock They created fast, hard-edged music, typically with short songs, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics (Punk rock, 2010). Shock rock is a wide umbrella term for artists who combine rock music with elements of theatrical shock value in live performances (Shock rock, 2010). regular recurrence and Blues (RB), Soul, Funk Influenced by RB (Rhythm and blues, 2010). Many artists musical roots come from gospel. For example, Elvis Presley started out singing gospel when he was only a few years old later moving onto Rock and Roll (Nite, 1974, p. 95). The art in America of the 60s was influenced by the desire to move into the modern age or future that the space age seemed to forecast. As with the music of the 60s, drugs had an influence on some of the art of the 60s. This art came to be known as psychedelic art (ex. Brummbaer). Major works by Alexander Calder (mobiles and sculpture) or Helen Frankenthaler (non-representational art) showed a desire to escape from details to interpret. Artists wanted to inspire the viewer to reverberate into the unknown and experience art in their own way.A new artist who appeared was Andy Warhol, a leading name in pop art. Other forms evolving during this time were assemblage art, op art (or optical art) (ex. Vasarely), or kinetic abstraction (ex. wave Duchamp), environmental art (ex. Robert Smithson), and pop art, (ex. David Hockney) (Goodwin, 2009). In conclusion, humanities or cultures have been around since the beginning of mankind. Cultures can be estranged in their beliefs consequently the creation of new cultures. Music, dance, theater, art, literature, or other cultures can change over time trough many influential channels.For example, the way the war and drugs influence the cultures of the 60s with the songs of war protests and psychedelic art. When changes come about the changes will usually have an effect on the, music, dance, theater, art, literature, or other cultures of the era. The one thing manki nd can count on through the years, decades, centuries, and millennium is change.References American heritage dictionary. (4th ed. ). (2000). Chicago, IL Houghton Mifflin Company. Bellis, M. (2010). Inventing musical instruments. Retrieved from http//inventors. bout. com/od/mstartinventions/tp/musicalinstrument. htm Country rock. (2010). In Country rock. Retrieved may 5, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Country_rock Folk rock. (2010). In Folk rock. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Folk_rock Goodwin, S. (2009). American cultural annals 1960 1969. Retrieved from http//kclibrary. lonestar. edu/decade60. html Hard rock. (2010). In Hard rock. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hard_rock Nite, N. N. (1974). Rock on. sweet York, NY Thomas Y. Crowell. Punk rock. (2010). In Punk rock. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from Rhythm and blues. (2010). In Rhythm and blues. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues S hock rock. (2010). In Shock rock. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Shock_rock Soft rock. (2010). In Soft rock. Retrieved May 5, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Soft_rock The music of the sixtiesthe psychedelic era. (1998). Retrieved from http//library. thinkquest. org/21342/ textual matter/1960. htm

Comparison of Roman and American slavery Essay

Slavery is hotshot of the most common entities between the romans inn and the westward society in the late 1800s. Both civilizations permit many differences and similarities between their views on hard workerry, treatments of the slaves, and economic science of thralldom. Such similarities include the shackles of slaves, the cruel treatments towards slaves, and the legal attitude of slaves as their owners property. However, contempt the many differences, slavery between polar societies always has its differences. These differences include the rights of the slaves, the slaves origins, and the payment of the slaves. with the comparison of slavery present in Western society of the later 1800s and romish society, some(prenominal)(prenominal) awe-inspiring similarities and differences become app atomic number 18nt, especially when considering the movie, Sparticus.The astonishing amount of similarities between the slavery in romish society and the slavery in Western society certify the great importance of slavery to ones populace. In some(prenominal) societys, the slave was the basic unit of society, for all of the agri heathenish market rested upon their shoulders. Just as cotton was the staple crop of the fall in States, wheat was the fundamental crop in popish society, both of which are cultivated by slaves. In both societies, owning a multitude of slaves showed ones social status, for if one owned numerous slaves, then they were considered wealthy.Additionally, the get down class looked down upon the slaves as lower individuals than themselves, treating them like animals through their changeless beatings and tiresome work. This work that the slaves had to endure was similar in both societies, for they alike had to work in the fields for long hours. A child born(p) of a slave woman was a slave (the legal status of his father being irrelevant) and the property of the slave womans owner. Ultimately, the Roman and Western societys views and ac tions upon slaves were the same in several ways, stock-still there will always be differences between the two.The differences between the Roman and Western treatment and thoughts about slavery seem to be notwithstanding more immense than the similarities, but you must keep in beware that the two societys thrived in completely disparate ages with different circumstances. In Roman society, the slaves were all prisoners of war from various countries and races not incisively one race like the Western slavery. In United States, the slavery consisted of almost all Africa-American captives who didnt have any interference with their society before they were beginning to be imprisoned. Another difference is the ability for the Roman slaves to rebel with a capacious force, while the American slaves save seek to run away. The Roman slaves created large slave armies, while the American slaves only created the secret underground railroad. Just as the Romans gather together large quan tities of slaves to create an army, Sparticus similarly was one of Romes great heroes who shows the similarities and differences between Roman and Western slavery.In the movie, Sparticus, there are several events which sanction the viewer to compare Roman slavery to that of Western slavery. In the movie, the slaves were pay small sums of money for their efforts, as seen when they are able to buy the several fleets of ships. However, in Western slavery, the slaves were seldom paid, because they were considered property of their owner. Furthermore, Roman slaves were trained in specific arts and crafts, such as the slave who Sparticus met that was a singer and magician.In Western society, on the other hand, the slaves mostly just cooked the meals and worked in the fields. However, the similarity between the two societys includes the abuse snarl by the slaves. In the movie, Sparticus was constantly hit with the wooden paddle and do to fight as a gladiator, just as the American slave s were whipped and hung by their white masters. The movie, Sparticus, is an excellent example of the treatment and views of slavery in Roman society, all of which can be compared and contrasted to American slavery.There are several similarities and differences between the slavery present in Roman society and Western society. Just some of the similarities include the societys views on slavery, the treatments of the slaves, and economics of slavery. Several more differences arise, on the other hand, because of the vast time and cultural differences between these two civilizations. These differences include the rights of the slaves, the slaves origins, and the payment of the slaves. Through the comparison of slavery present in Roman society and American society, several intriguing similarities and differences become apparent, especially when considering the movie, Sparticus.

Just Kids by Patti Smith

Patti metalworker calls the countersign, Just Kids, a memoir rather than an autobiography. Her book is almost poetic in nature and written in a beautiful and engaging way. From the first pages, the contributor is drawn to her talking to and imagery. In describing one of her first memories, that of a swan on a pond, she says, the river emptied into a wide lagoon and I saw upon its surface a peculiar(a) miracle. A long curving neck rose from a position of white plumage.There are, of course m any facts about her life as a young, starving artist but generally speaking she is large(p)(p) the reader many impressions about her life rather than a chronology of the events in her life. The author, Dave Thompson, has written a more factual biography of Patti Smith in the book, Dancing Barefoot The Patti Smith Story. In analyzing an excerpt from this biography, the reader is left-hand(a) with a somewhat different picture of Patti Smith. In it he describes fairly vividly and in almost a clinical way a slight romanticized family life.Here the reader finds out that her father was almost non-existent when she was growing up because he was out working to support his family. Her m an new(prenominal)(prenominal), one learns, is a sound Jehovah Witness. This is a very important point because it gives an important cleverness into how religion may have shaped her poetry and art in the future. It is interesting that in Just Kids, Patti Smith is very clear in mentioning how her partner, Robert Mapplethorpe is very influenced and almost traumatized by his devout Roman Catholic family.This spectral aspect of her own life is not as cl proterozoic delimit in her memoir. Dave Thompson also mentions how many of the facts about Patti Smiths early jobs are distorted in her memoir and lets the reader conclude that mayhap the facts are not quite the facts in her own book. Dan Lieberfeld, on the other hand, in his assay, Artistic Apprenticeship and Collaboration- Looking Back wit h Patti Smith, emphasizes the profound impact that Robert Mapplethorpe had on Patti Smith.In it, he describes how deep their connection was. In those early years in New York City, they were crucial to each others survival. They literally unbroken each other from starving by saving every penny they had from their poorly-paying jobs. His essay describes them as apprentices to each other as they each seek to become artists. As they supported each other, they also helped each other achieve their dreams of becoming true artists.The essay reflects many of the points and themes that Patti Smith describes in her memoir with great feeling and reckons true to her descriptions of events that happened in her life. Patti Smiths memoir gives an impression of her life with Robert Mapplethorpe and how they both emerged as artists and gives a great picture of the bohemian life they led in the 1970s. Dan Liebermans essay confirms the fundamental principles underlying Patti Smiths memoir that Pat ti Smith and Robert Mapplethorpe were great friends who influenced each other.Dave Thompsons book puts into question some of the details of Ms. Smiths life. Does that make her contributions to the world of art and music any less important? Does it make the vivid descriptions of the chaotic art world any less real? The answer is a clear no. The reader may not agree with her lifestyle and even her art. The beauty of her words is real and really describes who she is. Whether she has embellished the facts or omitted some of them, it doesnt really seem to matter.

Money Is Everything

gold isnt everything. To well-nigh people, this is an easy and preferred answer. It is an easy answer beca utilize its ideal and it gives hope. However, this idea is a common misconception and is dangerous because capital is everything. Without the power to pur tag tangible items, intangible ideas would not be able to be rentd. Money is what military services people subsist and pursue the ideological things in life. Therefore, the misconception currency isnt everything is a dangerous and mistaken belief. Money is what helps people survive.Sodapop Curtis, from The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton, quits his high school and stops his chances of getting his dream billet to get more money for his family to survive and help his little brother, Ponyboy, pursue his dreams. According to Sodapop, money is essential for survival, and without it, life would be very gruelling to manage. He had dropped out of school because he needed money to help put food on the table for his family and helps hi s family when needed. Money isnt a luxury but a necessity in order to survive in nows world, so the idea that money isnt everything is a misconception.The misbelief that money isnt everything can result in withering situations. A YouTube video, The Homeless Experiment, featured a man who did horrible in high school and eventually dropped out he had thought that he did not need money do pursue ideological things. Although some people, such as Steve Jobs, whitethorn become a billionaire from dropping out, still a few actually become successful not having to chase after money. Many high school students believe in this misconception, and it whitethorn lead to dropping out to pursue a dream with anomalous hopes.Money isnt everything is a dangerous and mistaken belief that may foster fake hopes. Money isnt everything is a dangerous misconception because money is necessary to survive in the world we live in today and because it can make people believe that dreams can come legitimate w ithout having money. Money does not buy respect, but is needed to gain business office which comes with respect. Money isnt everything but most things require money. Therefore, it is crucial to use money and wealth wisely.

Pay for Performance

open for mathematical process put University Overview inducement yield, as wellhead as known as profit back for motion is in the main faden for specialised performance outgrowths rather than simply for time worked. spell inducings are not the answer to every last(predicate) personnel challenges, they can do much to increase worker performance. (Billikopf) instruction execution allowance has various label merit pay, pay for performance, knowledge-and-skill- based pay, or soul or sort out motivator pay. Delisio) feed for performance administrations reserve further been proven to exact two advantages for organizations attracting more senior high school-quality employees and motivating employees to exert more movement at their jobs. (Gordon, Kaswin) This paper allow for show the positive benefits of performance pay as well as approximately steps to implement the pay for performance program. Productivity Implications Companies that have switched from salaries to individual incentives have increase productivity dramaticallysome by as much as 44 percent.Linking pay to performance not only motivates but also helps to recruit and stay fresh the nearly talented employees. New graduates seek to join organizations that make do of performance-related streng thusers, and they have long-term loyalty to these organizations. The use of performance pay has also grown in popularity, as 67 percent of companies offer some form of performance pay to employees on a lower floor the executive level. Likewise, the practice of compensating managers below the senior executive level with stock options and other forms of long-term incentives has rise dramatically.This is because performance-sensitive pay aligns the interest of all levels of employees with the interests of shareholders. (Gordon, Kaswin) Implementing a pay for performance dodging has been shown to resolve organizational problems because it aligns the preferences of firms and employees. In add ition, creating a pay for performance system serves as a sorting mechanism to identify and attract the most capable employees. Gordon, Kaswin) The economic downturn has accentuated the involve to contain salary cost by holding down fixed-based salary expenses. To maintain competitive pay stick outs, an increasing number of companies are giving more employees crosswise unalike job functions the opportunity to earn variable, performance-driven incentives for achieving individual and organizational goals. (Gordon, Kaswin) Pay for Performance Objectives Developing a pay for performance doctrine and strategy is easier when we as sealed what such an approach is intended to achieve.If effectively constructed, pay for performance hire plans should help a company fulfill the following objectives * Recruit and remain the highest quality employees * Communicate and fortify the rates, goals and objectives of the company * Engage employees in the organizations victor * Reward contribut ors for prospering achievements (The VisionLink consultive Group) Line of Sight Ultimately, the combination of rewards strategies that a company institutes should help to raw a correlation in the intellect of the employees amidst interdependent elements * Vision where is this company exit? * Strategy how is it going to get there? * Roles and Expectations what procedure does each key person have in that strategy and what is expected of him or her in that role? * Rewards how testament each employee be pecuniaryly rewarded for the achievement of the expectations associated with his or her role Pay for performance is the mechanism that is used to create this line of sight between related elements of company culture and purpose.In the final analysis, payment needs to reinforce the behaviors that are desired within the strategy framework of the company in a way that is compelling enough to produce the desired performance. (The VisionLink Advisory Group) In adopting a rewards philosophy for how people ordain be compensate for their contributions within an organization, a company has to determine what the right balance should be between short and long-term compensation and guaranteed versus performance compensation.Pivotal in that philosophy development is how and to what extent pay bequeath be tied to specific types of performance. This issue will not be treated the same in every organization. However, every business should be able to identify certain performance objectives it wants its workforce to fulfill and the financial outcome that will be achieved if that result is attained. Such a projection can be translated into an increased shareholder value figure. (The VisionLink Advisory Group)Features of Effective Plans Top Management confine Supervisors must understand the incentive pay process in send to support and administer it. Oftentimes, a lack of understanding causes managers to ignore or adapt the process as they see fit. Moreover, if superv isors are not practised on how to measure performance, the process will not be similar across the company. (Gordon, Kaswin) Having buy-in from key stakeholders is crucial for the success of an incentive pay system.For example, if raising precaution does not support such a program, lower-level managers will prop pocket-sized importance on effectively administering the program. Hence, a lack of pull in care support often leads to a lack of accountability. (Gordon, Kaswin) Communication consistent and methodical communication is necessary when implementing an incentive pay plan. It will arrest employees understand what is expected of them while decreasing the likelihood of morale problems that result from misinterpretations of how incentives are awarded. Gordon, Kaswin) Performance Management Oftentimes, a flawed performance centering system is the main suit an incentive pay system in not successful. When designing a performance management process that will be linked with p ay, it is imperative that both employees and managers know what the individual goals are, how they will be heedful, and how they will be compensated when achieved. Managers must also be careful to ensure that there is adequate differentiation between high and low performers. If mediocre employees are given an average merit increase, hey will apprehend that their performance is adequate. Conversely, if excellent performers only receive a little more in incentive pay than average performers, they will perceive that the company does not value their performance. (Gordon, Kaswin) Appropriate Rewards The amount of incentive a company should offer to an individual depends on underway income, amount of effort needed to invest, likelihood of obtaining the reward, acceptance of risk, equity of reward and contribution, and industry standards.A token(prenominal) for incentive pay is considered to be 5 to 15 percent of an individuals base pay. (Gordon, Kaswin) Considerations before Implement ing a Plan The best compensation plans take into account several key considerations. Before instituting a pay for performance system, companies should define which employees should be eligible for the program. Furthermore, it is important for companies to determine the role of equity in a total rewards framework from the perspectives of the employee and employer, as well as in terms of cost.Steps should be taken to (1) review the current objectives and purpose of the equity plan (2) identify alternative rewards (3) develop a communication plan for how the effectiveness of the program will be measured (4) gather employees perspectives via surveys, focus groups, or internal research (5) gather foreign market information (6) determine the costs (7) develop recommendations for design counterchange and (8) create the communication plan. The communication strategy for the program should encompass the value employees place on various rewards and how the changes will be perceived by emplo yees.It should then monitor and manage employees reactions to the changes in their compensation structure. (Gordon, Kaswin) Objectives of a Broad-Based Incentive Plan When creating an incentive plan, the organization has to determine and clearly define the goals for the program. The objectives should be aligned with the business strategy. These goals should be utilised to shape the incentive plan as well as the expectations and objectives of individual employees. A main reason why incentive plans fail is because they are introduced as an inflexible process.The incentive plan should be first implemented on a smaller group of employees in order to determine the flaws and rectify them before implementing them across the enterprise. Once the plan is implemented, it should be regularly adapted. (Gordon, Kaswin) If companies want a pay for performance system, the firm should define the desired performance and establish methods of beat it first. Then, connect goals for individuals, for b usiness units, and for the company. Meanwhile, track everyones progress and periodically give back the data to raise everyones awareness of the program.Sixty-two percent of compensation professionals report that their organizations did not attempt to measure the return on investiture of their compensation program. (Gordon, Kaswin) Conclusion Research indicates that broad-based incentive plans can be utilized as a means to encourage both employee performance and productivity. When implementing an incentive plan, several considerations are needed to ensure the plan is successful. However, it is important to rail line that incentive plans cannot ensure employee productivity by themselves. They must be coupled with effective human resources practices in order to ensure a successful work environment.These include determining the appropriate rewards, instituting comprehensive performance management systems, widespread and effective communication, as well as buy-in from top management to support the compensation plan. Over the past decade and increasingly in the past year, performance pay has become the standard as companies reward strong performance and lower overhead costs. This trend is expected to proceed in the coming years. (Gordon, Kaswin) Like most things in business, compensation is something that requires evaluation, study, assessment, strategy, mould and integration.Achieving a pay for performance culture does not happen without paid attention to the behaviors, activities, rewards and motivations that have to be linked and reinforced through a well-engineered and effectively executed process. And if that process does not tie rewards to shareholder financial objectives, employ the proper mix of compensation elements, result in significant dollars, embrace performance that employees can impact and are effectively communicated and reinforced, then the results it produces will likely fall short. (The VisionLink Advisory Group) Pay for performance systems need ngoing attention to keep them functioning properly. Organizational goals will change performance goals and measures will become obsolete performance may improve or decline managers may make errors in evaluating performance or allocating rewards. For all these reasons and more, agencies need to monitor the operation and effectiveness of their pay for performance systems and alter them accordingly. Only by giving the pay systems and related organizational requirements the on-going attention that they warrant will agencies be able to obtain best results from their pay for performance systems. U. S. Merit Systems Protection Board) Works Cited Billikopf, Gregoria. (2001) Incentive Pay (Pay for Performance). The Regents of the University of California, retrieved from http//www. cnr. berkeley. edu/ucce50/ag-labor/7labor/08. htm The VisionLink Advisory Group, The Five Essentials of Pay for Performance, retrieved from http//www. vladvisors. com/images/PDF/VisionLink_Five-Essentials-P ay-For-Performance. pdf Gordon, A. A. , Kaswin, J. L. , Effective Employee Incentive Plans Features and ImplementationProcesses, Cornell HR Review, 2010, retrieved from http//cornellhrreview. rg/2010/05/31/effective-employee-incentive-plans-features-and-implementation-processes/ U. S. Merit Systems Protection Board, (2006) Designing an Effective Pay for Performance Compensation System. Retrieved from http//www. mspb. gov/netsearch/viewdocs. aspx? docnumber=224104version=224323application=ACROBAT Delisio, E. R. , Pay for Performance What Are the Issues? , retrieved from http//www. educationworld. com/a_issues/issues/issues374a. shtml

Cooking at Home and Eating in a Restaurant Essay

Modern carriage becomes more and more comfortable, but we are busier and busier with our job, with our business. We dont pass clock to falsify and cook meals at family unit. Some hotshot prefers to eat fast- feed or eat nourishment in a take in house, but just ab off one still prefer to eat at inhabitancy. Eating out or eating at base of operations has also advantages and disadvantages, so which one is better? prep at home is similar to eating in a eating house in many ways. Despite of cooking at home or eating out, we have to pay coin for our nourishment or pass our time to cook or to go to the eating house to eat.For example, instead of spending your time to cook, you have to drive to go to the restaurant or just abouttimes you waste of time to looking for the parking. We also quite a little taste the dishes we alike(p) even though we eat at home or at a restaurant. That is a period of time which your family enrapture eating after a long day with hard worked. With your familys meal, e rattlingbody can talk together, tell some funny stories, or get by their jobs. However, there are several differences between eating at home and eating out. Home-cooked meals are always healthy.The food at the restaurant whitethorn contain high in fat, high calories and other ingredients which are very harmful for the health. If you cook food at home, you have more apply over the ingredients, and you can select the ingredients that you like. Furthermore, eating at home saves you so practically money compared to eating in restaurants. Eating out are usually more expensive than cooking at home. In restaurants, they oft serve big plates of food. They are too much more food than you need to eat at one meal and the money you spend can add up.For instance, with the money for a meal in a restaurant, you can subvert food for the whole week for home-cooking. You can hook at cheapest markets, and look for sale items. Eating in a restaurant is also advantage wa y. Many people are very crabbed with their jobs outside the house, so they dont always have time to cook. They like the convenience of eating out. For many reasons such as some one is not very favourable at cooking, or they like international cuisines or varied meals, eating out is the best thing.Cooking at home has a disadvantage that is cooking at home also requires your time. You spend your time to prepare everything like you choose and buy ingredients for cooking your meals. After that, you have to wash dishes and clean up the kitchen. However, eating at home is one of the best ways to enhance the kindred inside your family. Life is busier and people dont have much time to share their time together, even though they are in a family. Eating at home is all members of your family sit around the table and enjoy the dishes that your mother and you prepared and cooked.In your family, when all you prepare and cook meals at home together, you feel warmer and happier. Eating at home and eating in a restaurant are different in many ways, but they have several things in common. It is tough for us to prefer to. Both eating at restaurants and cooking at home can be satisfying. Both of them can taste good and be enjoyed with your family and friends. I prefer cooking at home because of the money and health issues, but people will make the choice that fits their life style best.

New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage

1. High specialty domestic competition breeds inter discipline success.2. In the diamond-shaped chart, there atomic number 18 make out elements of it success is to be induceed Company strategy (structure and tilt), portion conditions, affect conditions, cerebrate and supporting industries.3. The internal base shapes a companys capacity to innovate rapidly in technology and methods and to do so in the proper directions.4. A global strategy supplements and solidifies the rivalrous favour created at kin base.5. The most important sources of republical prefer essential(prenominal)iness be actively sought and exploited.6. Caught up in a eonian process of seeking out new emoluments and struggling with rivals to protect them.7. perceptual constancy is valued in most companies, not change. Protecting old ideas and techniques becomes the preoccupation, not creating new ones. The long-term challenge for any degraded is to put itself in a position where it is most likely t o perceive, and best able to train the imperatives of competitive advantage. Expose a company to new market and proficient opportunities that whitethorn be hard to perceive.Preparing for change by upgrading and expanding the skills of employees and improving the sures scientific and knowledge base. Overcoming complacency and inertia to act on the new opportunities and circumstances. Much attention has declinely been places on the importance of imaginative championers in achieving unusual organizational success. Great leaders argon influenced by the purlieu in which they work. Innovation births place because the home environs stimulates it. Innovation succeeds because the home environment supports and even forces it.The right environment not lonesome(prenominal) shapes a leaders own perceptions and priorities but provides the gun that allows the leader to overcome inertia and produce organizational change. Great leaders emerge in different industries in different nations, in federal agency because national circumstances attract and encourage them In many industries, the national environment provides one or two nations with a distinct advantage over their unusual competitors. Leadership a great deal determines which particular firm or firms exploit this advantage.The ability of any firm to innovate has much to do with the environment to which it is exposed. Seeking expert put onns and comfortable customer relationship only reinforces past behavior. Innovation grows out of obligate and challenge. It besides comes from finding the right challenges to meet. The main role of the firms leader is to create the environment that meets these conditions.8. The new rules for innovation, a company should actively seek out closet and challenge not try to avoid them. Part of the task is to carry advantage of the home nation in order to create the purport for innovation.Some of the establishment agencys of doing so argon seel to the most sophisticated an d demanding buyers and impart seek out the buyers with the most difficult needs, establish norms of exceeding the strongest restrictive hurdles of product standards, treat employees as permanent, and establish outstanding competitors as motivators.9. The true costs of stability. Such a search for a soothe life, and understandable instinct, has led many companies to buy direct competitors or from alliances with them, in a closed, static world, monopoly would indeed be the most comfortable and profitable solution.In reality competition is dynamic. Good managers always run a secondary scared, they respect and study competitors. Seeking out and meeting challenges is part of their organizational norm. A firm need not exclusively serve demanding buyers nor should it get by head on with any rival. The aim in seeking pressure and challenge is to create the conditions in which competitive advantage mountain be preserved. In global competition, the pressures of demanding local buyers, c apable suppliers, and aggressive domestic rivalry are even more valuable and necessary for long-term profitability.These ingest the firm to a faster rate of progress and upgrading than international rivals, and lead to sustained competitive advantage and superior long-term profitability. A tough domestic industry structure creates advantage in the international industry. A comfortable, easy home base, in contrast, leaves a firm vulnerable to rivals who bed greater dynamism at home. If a firm lacks the pressures for improvement and innovation, it must create them10. Perceiving industry change. One of the most important advantages an industry can have is early insight into important needs, environmental forces and trends that others have not noticed.Firms gain competitive position forrader rivals perceive an opportunity and are able to respond. Identify and serve buyers with the most anticipatory needs. Some buyers give confront new problems or have new needs before others, becaus e of their demographics, location, industry, or strategy. Buyer with anticipatory needs should be identified, sentenced as priorities and cultivated. stop and highlight trends in factor costs. Increases in the costs of particular factor or other inputs may signal future opportunities to leapfrog competitors by innovating to deploy inputs more effectively or to avoid the need for them altogether.Maintain on- personnel casualty relationship with centers of research and sources of the most talented people. Identify the places in the nation where the best new knowledge is being created that is now or great power become relevant to its industry. Identify school, companies, institutions where the best specialized human resources inevitable in the industry are being trained. Invest time and money. register all competitors, especially the new and unconventional ones. A firm should designate the most forward-looking or unconventional competitors for particular study, including foreign competitors who may enjoy the benefits of a very different home base.Learn from competitors as to lift strategies to counter them. Bring some outsiders into the management team. Managers from other companies or industries or from the companys foreign subsidiaries. Benefit the innovation process.11. International inwardly the national stud. Firm gains competitive advantage from the presence in its home nation of world-class buyers, suppliers and related industries. Have a strong cluster at home unblocks the flows of information and allows deeper and more open contract than in possible when dealing with foreign firms. Buyers, channels and suppliers.Recognizing that home-based buyers and suppliers are allies in international competition, a firm must persuade regular cured management contact, formal and ongoing interchange between research organizations, reciprocity in serving as test sites for new products or run and cooperation in penetrating and serving international markets. R elated industries. Industries those are related or potentially related in terms of technology, channels, buyers, or the way buyers obtain or use products, are potentially important to creating and catching competitive advantage.Locating within the nation. A firm should locate activities and its headquarters at those locations in the nation where there are concentrations of sophisticated buyers, important suppliers, groups of competitors, or especially meaningful factor-creating mechanisms for its industry. Geographic proximity makes the relationship within a cluster closer and more fluid.12. Serving home base buyers who are international and multinational. Identify and serve buyers at home that it can also serve a large.13. Improving the national competitive environment.14. diversification.Part of company strategy in virtually every nation. Acquisitions were involved in international success stories, the accomplishments were often modest or focused ones that served as an initial entry locate or reinforced an internal entry. Theory for diversification strategy are as followNew industries for diversification should be selected where a halcyon national diamond is present or can be created. Diversification proposals should be screened for the attractiveness of the home base.Diversification is most likely to succeed when it follows or extends clusters in which the firm already competes.Internal development of new businesses, supplemented by teensy-weensy acquisitions, is more likely to create and sustain competitive advantage than the acquisition of large, established companies.Diversification into businesses, lacking common buyers, channels, suppliers or close technological connections is not only likely to fail but will also demoralise the prospects for sustaining advantage in the core businesses.15. To sustain competitive advantage in global industries, a firm must sell to all substantive country markets. Identifying such buyers in other nations will he lp a firm understand the most stimulate rapid progress in products and services.16. A firm must be willing to source products or equipment from foreign firms if they are superior. Also work to upgrade local suppliers. fealty to domestic suppliers, for its own sake, is ultimately self-defeating. The best form for this is to confront them in no uncertain terms with the need to match their foreign competitors in quality and productivity in order to retain the business.A firm aim to competitive advantage must be aware of, and ideally have some access to, all the important scientific work going on in the world that is related to its industry.17. A firm must be the best rivals in the marketplace in order to sustain and upgrade its advantage. Must find a way to gain advantage over the best rivals in order to assure its market position. get through rivals in all the important markets is to deny them profits in safe markets that can be used to cross-subsidize low profits in oppose market s.18. Choose a location that will expose the firm to significant needs and pressures lacking at home. The purpose is to learn as considerably as raise the odds that information passes credibly back to the home base.19. Foreign acquisitions can serve for gain access to a foreign market or to selective skills and to gain a highly well-heeled national diamond.20. Alliances or coalitions are final mechanism by which firm can seek to tap national advantages in other nations. Alliances take form as joint ventures, licenses, sales agreements and supply agreements. Alliances are a tempting solution to the dilemma of a firm seeking the home-base advantages of another(prenominal) nation without giving up its own (are rarely a solution).21. accepted leaders believe in change. Energize their organizations to meet competitive challenges. move up ways of overcoming the filters that limit information and prevent innovation. Have a broad view of competition in which their national environment i s integral to competitive success. Work hard to improve that environment and to encourage appropriate government policies.

Personal Model of Helping

I pose pride in everything that I do and strive to give my all to the people who call for my divine service, and this is the basis of my personal baffle of assisting. I house non give someone wholly part of my effort because the single(a) whitethorn non take me honest and non be exposed to use the help that I am twirling. My goal in purporting this help is to assist them in overcoming all negative situation they argon trying to get out of. throng reach out for help and when they do so they want the outstrip help that they send away find because they trick test a collateral resolution.I love that circumstances in sprightliness can take a toll on a person, and these circumstances cause them to be in the situation that they ar seeking help for but to kind their behavior and improve themselves they unavoidableness to give 100% as soundly as the people who atomic number 18 offering help to them. How and why and you make this viewpoint This viewpoint was form ed because there argon individuals who seek help from dutyal counselings every day because they believe that these professionals can get them moxie of track with their lifestyle and vote down the struggles of hardship they have been facing.If this individual does non believe that the help they argon getting from the professional is supremacyful than it would come out that either the professional or the individual seeking help is not giving 100% effort on their part in social club of magnitude to get arrogant results. There argon many contrasting reasons an individual seeks therapy it can be gambling problems, drug or alcohol addiction, abuse, wellness contends, family issues, or even death of a family member. A professional guidance needs to be micturated for any reason that a knob may seek help from them and be ready and imparting to offer them curb help of treatment.View of helping My view of helping is a result of a person taking pride in their profession of help ing others and them going the extra mile and giving the effort required to make sure the thickening is on the right path for a positive resolution. People do not appreciate being judged by others and believe that many cannot preserve to their situation because they do not register the lifestyle and h ar life they have experiences to this point. It is difficult for these individuals to admit they need professional help, and then to seek that help from a stranger who may judge them or the situation that he or she is in.The relationship among the clinician and the participant The relationship between the clinician and the participant should be welcoming and inviting to prepare for the session and to open lines of communication. When individuals talk to others that they do not know personally they have to actualize a level of comfort so that they can open up and discuss personal matters that are do their issues. I can relate to a nodes story by listening to them on a personal l evel and then share-out my experiences once they have built a rapport with me and show care in my knowledge. many an(prenominal) views that individuals have of counselors or therapists is that they live a euphoric and worry free lifestyle and that he or she may/does not have a personal issues they are struggling with because of their profession only this is not usually the case and many counselors seek therapy as well. Many professionals have issues and skeletons in their closet that they do not want anyone else to know more or less, and every person has a story to tell of their experiences in life and it is not fair for the counselor or others to be judged based just of these experiences or for them seeking help to overcome personal struggles.Technique or preliminaryed to change There are many turn upes that a counselor can take to change the perceptions a thickening may have about their lives, and show them some other way to view their situation. When clinicians address behavioural issues with their client the techniques come from modeling. An example would be a client who struggles with expressing themselves may value from seeing the counselor use good skills they need to acquire by demonstrating them in a aim play scenario.It can be beneficial to select a model to assist in any role play scenarios who is similar to the client the counselor is trying to help. Age, gender, ethnicity, and social placement should all be taken into consideration (Parrott, 2003). Positive reinforcement is another technique in therapy that is winning because it provides positive rewards or recognition for success or positive actions and behaviors. Relaxation training is another method of therapy that can be no-hit in treating a variety of disorders when other techniques are proven unsuccessful.Some disorders that can be treated successfully with residual therapy are headaches, pain, worry, hypertension, and PTSD. The basic idea of relaxation training and therapy is that the tension of muscles exacerbates anxiety and results in the individual life less anxious by them knowledge the knowledge to understand the difference between tense and relaxed muscle groups and the enamor methods to treatment training (Parrott, 2003).A coherent model that is consistent, shows adequate perceptiveness of the visible put forwarded, and reflects the ability to integrate and synthesize the course material behavioral therapy shows successful results because it uses approaches that focus on authentic characteristics of the individual in an get to successfully identify the appropriate therapy approach to helping the understand their behaviors and to gain self-control. In addition to the rise of behaviorism, experimental research on the psychology of learning also contributed to the development of behavior therapy.This is an approach based on a view known as logical positivism, under which everything that exists is through empirical observation verifiab le. From this perspective, if the material universe, understandable only as matter and energy operate according to universal laws, is all that is, then human beings are material beings only and hence explainable by natural laws In a sense, the experimental method was putting behaviorisms philosophy into pattern (Parrott p. 271). The kinds of problems that can be addressed with your model The model learning conjecture can be used to address behavioral therapy approaches and techniques.Counselors are able to use this to observe their clients actions and behaviors to see if these approaches and techniques are successful for certain clients or all clients they are counseling. Cognitive Emotive Dissonance This is the most definitive stage in forward-looking learning and is characterized by two pregnant features. (1) the occurrence when people begin to act and think differently by understanding their new approach and control to their behavioral goals (2) the individual has stirred up feelings that are uncomfortable when they start to believe that their actions are incorrect and they are not behaving appropriately.People using describe these feelings that they experience as feeling wrong or not feeling right to me. An example of this that occurs normally would be while driving in a place you are unfamiliar with, such as an American questioning themselves for driving on the wrong side of the road in Europe. These types of emotions and feelings are unavoidable in experiences associated with psycho healthful therapy or any changes made to a persons habits or accustomed behaviors. This is the stage of maximal therapeutic resistance in psychotherapy.If this approach is poorly handled and not addressed appropriately by the counselor then clients usually become noncompliant and stop attending therapy. teach this is the process of learning behaviors and the reaction or retort to learned actions or familiar excitant and how this changes and becomes a new behaviora l response. There are two types of conditioning (1) Classical conditioning where the response to certain stimulus is a learned behavior or innate response to a neutral stimulus, such as salivating to smell of something specific. 2) Operant conditioning where the behaviors they are learning are new, and they develop what their responses and reactions will be. Discrimination The process in which a subjects reaction are only appropriate to one similar or two different stimuli. Drive A force that impels and motivates individual or animals to make a certain behavioral response based on the actions that have occurred. In behavioristic terms, study is often driven by physiologic deprivations such a shelter, food, water, or necessities to survive.It also can be a reaction or response as a result of pain or unbearable or unpleasant stimulus (Maultsby & Wirga, 1998). Multicultural Issues Multicultural issues come from the renewing of others seeking help. There are many different reasons in which individuals seek counseling, so with this being said the counselor should be prepared on how to approach any situation they are confronted with by their clients. They need to be well write in multicultural issues that can influence the approach to therapy uch as cross-cultural counseling where the client and the therapist do not share the same background, values, or lifestyle and these can be obstacles to overcome for any professional. People of cross-cultural differences find it difficult to settle of agreements with certain techniques or approaches to therapy that would be the most successful for the client. Gender issues are something to consider, where a male therapist may not be well versed or experienced in matters of women issues and it can seem that they are not taking the clients matter serious where a female therapist may be able to relate to what the client is experiencing.Individuals who are disabled may feel singled out by others and isolated from the general population so the therapist needs to research and understand how to appropriately approach a client with this issue. Clients who are religious may not view therapy as a successful tool because of their beliefs. Certain professionals have techniques or therapeutic methods that are successful for many of their clients. The challenge they face is how to handle issues that are spiritual or religious in any way, ensure honest integrity with the client while still being able to offer a method of treatment that they believe will be successful (Parrott, 2003).Limitations and strengths of the model The limitations of therapy or strengths of the treatment or model of therapy can compute on the clients learning abilities or disabilities, health issues, or cognitive challenges from clients who allow from mental disorders, PTSD, or anxiety. The population this model can help The behavioral model can help many individuals within the population, and in order for this model to be successful peop le have to be open to receiving help even if it means putting them in situations that can shore them back to negative situations that are the roots of the individuals issues.The population that is seeking the help could be individuals addicted to drugs who want to get help to overcome and contend their addiction but do not understand the proper approach to overcoming these issues. Prostitutes who want to stop the emotional and physical abuse they are causing to themselves by selling their body for money. Even married couples who are at the end of their relationship but want to try to save what they once had in order to avoid divorce. Other clients who can benefit from this model of therapy ould be clients who suffer from health issues and are trying to understand how to write out with it, parents who are trying to gain control over a intractable child, or even individuals who suffer from phobias that are interfering with them living a successful life. Original Thinking Individua ls have to be open and accept of therapy for it to be successful, when an individual is open to receiving help and seek a positive resolution to their issues then the counselor can participate in the clients therapy and give them the necessary steps to take for a successful change.Being an effective counselor means being open to new techniques, ideas, and approached to therapy that could be successful for the client. Each client and every case is different so there are different approaches to take in intervention the situation in a professional manner. Conclusion There are many needs for therapy that need a successful approach, and a therapist willing to adapt to the needs of the patient.Utilizing all theories, methods, and techniques available to the therapist will help them have the tools necessary to offer treatment for any issue that their client presents them with. When a therapist is confident in their abilities and can relate to the issues faced by their client then they wil l have the deep down needed to develop a successful approach to treatment and to present their client with a plan that explains their model of helping so that the client can be actively involved in the success of their treatment.ReferencesIndividual Counseling, aliveness SkillsBehavioral Therapy, and Group Experiences www.lifelongaes.com/services%20and%20fees/counseling.html. Kondrat, A. (2009). Behavioral and Cognitive Approach in Psychology. Retrieved from http//suite101.com/article/behavioral-and-cognitive-approach-in-psychology-a98399 Maultsby, Maxie C. & Wirga, Mariusz. (1998). Behavioral Therapy. Howard University College of Medicine. www.arcobem.com/publications/Beh-Tx.htm. Parrott, L., III. (2003). Counseling and psychotherapy (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA Thomson/Brooks/Cole. Smith, M.A., M., Segal, M.A., R., & Segal, Ph.D.,

A Modern Day Sir Thomas More Essay

As a foreigner, I think the States is a very open and free country, umteen commodities, advanced technology. In my mind, the States is a land of genuine-hearted people, a nation of citizens who pack much to unite them than to divide them, a country held together by a belief in freedom and opportunity for all. Although the States is so good a country, you could never call it utopia, thither are also a lot of peoblems with American society today. Following I will resolve up three significant problems with American society to make a discussion. First of all is women issues. Do you believe women are handle equally in America? My answer is no. It seems as though we attain made so many strides in our history, only if discrimination never seems to go away. Women are seen as to emotional for things,in this day and age we are seen calorie-free because we have children and hearts and we not only judge mentally but with our hearts. I believe there is sexism in the States.Maybe women ar e treated equally under the law. But in the want run, its not the law that counts, its peoples attitudes, and those have a long way to go. There are alot of men who see women should still be home barefoot,cooking and cleaning and raising the children. So I think there is a lot of sexism in the united states. The second issue I want to talk about is unequal distribution of wealth. Privatization is increase in America, which provides opportunities only to those who can afford. Due to this, rich people are enough richer and poor becoming poor. From the report, it is shocking but true. Around 13-17% American existence lives below the federal poverty line. The US government does not have an absolute definition for poverty, but it describes the same phenomenon as relative poverty, that is, how income relates to median value income. The number of people living under poverty line is increase at an alarming score.So I think the government of the unify States should think about how to f ix Americas wealth inequalities. rifle but not the less important, I want to say that the increasing cost of living is also a big problem in the USAs society. With growing inflation, the cost of living in America is also increasing significantly. But, the minimum wage is not increasing in the same fashion, and so, many people find it difficult to fulfill their routine basic requirements.The working population makes more than money and again spends more on living, which hardly leaves anything behind for savings. America has the lowest saving rate compared to any other developed nation. We could never deny that the United States is a powerful country in the world today. There are many other specific socio-economic and cultural problems except the three issues above that America is faced with. In order to maintain the position of power and prestige. The American government needs to come up with stringent policies to solve the aforementioned(prenominal) problems.

Focus on Trash Island, Save Our Life Essay

Ignored by mankind for decades of years, garbage floating on the ocean has become a gimcrack island. The island consists of shaping bags, potbellys, tires and other charge card detritus. The worse thing is that the ice rink island is in time growing. The seawater in the center of Subtropical Airflow of pacific flows passing slowly, with the addition of weather patterns, a large amount of garbage pick up in this place. Year after year, a trash island has formed, which was called the 8th pure. It consists of four one thousand thousand tons of pelagic fictiles, chemical sludge, and other debris, look forers suppose island area may be twice the size of Texas (Wikipedia.com)The floating debris dismiss absorb organic pollutants from seawater, and then much(prenominal) debris can be ingested by small fish, which are then eaten by large fish. M whatever of these fish are then consumed by benevolents, declarationing in their inhalation of toxic chemicals. (Ballard 2004). Therefore, human life will be threatened by this situation. What should be done to fall the amount of pollution and garbage structure up on trash islands? It is undeniable we should take this problem gravely otherwise humans will be faced with disaster.After completed how urgent we should pluck the trash island, humans did a lot of work, elbow grease to diminish it. Once it was a project called declare oneself Kaisei, which devoted to hire the ways of cleansing up the trash island. According to the material, in 2009, Project Kaisei embarked on its first expedition to the peaceful Patch. There are dickens vessels in this trip, one is the Kaisei, and the other is the New Horizon. Each research vessel had a crew of scientists and volunteers on board in regularize to research the effects that might be occurring as a result of the large amounts of floating debris in this area of ocean.Investigation was carried verboten for material science, toxicity, invasive species, eco system impact and new catch methods to develop ways for removing some of the debris in the future in a larger scale.(projectkaisei.org). Similar projects are taken scientists and government are trying to keep ways to recycle plastic wastes. Project Kaisei drawn emerge a plan to save the ocean, which will raise about 200 million dollars in the next 18 month, then it will clean up more than 400,000 tons of garbage those garbage can be decomposed as fuel.The Kaisei Project indeed got a good return, basically it clean up part of the island, however, the island is still growing beca substance abuse those factories never stop dumping plastic waste into the ocean.Take the real situation into consideration, I think the shell strategy we should do is to avoid the island growing bigger. Charles Moore, who firstly found the eighth continent, said even cost all the countrys financial resources, and killed a large number of wildlife, it is impossible to clean up the whole trash island in the Pacific Ocean. (Earth Island Journal, 2010).The technology may not be advanced so much that we cant clean up the whole island at present moreover, the costs have distant exceeded the benefits. I intrust we should develop the technology firstly and seek out the more or less effective and economical process to recycle and resolve the trash. On the other hand, we can take other actions to prevent more debris from inflowing the ocean. And the costs will be much lower than cleaning the island up. Unquestionably the garbage island is a serious issue that worth to think. legal profession may not solve the problem once for all, but it can avoid it getting worse. And it is practical and workable, has a chance to be enacted. government activity can encourage entrepreneur to develop green industry form _or_ system of government can be carried out to mean those factories which had high pollution plenteous process. Research and development department has the ability to improve technology , as a result, the discharge of pollutant will be reduced and eliminated.Communities can contribute by lobbying companies to find environmentally safe alternatives to plastic and formulate reusable packaging. transnational treaties prohibiting dumping at sea must also be enforced, such as prohibiting sewage from being allowed to flow into the ocean, or eliminating the use of plastic bags(Silverman, 2007). Factories can find a way to reduce the discharge of plastic waste, or they can stop dumping the wasted into the ocean at that place must be approach to resolve the waste rather than only when discard them to the sea. With all efforts, the trash island will not bigger any more.Beyond this, our individual should stop dumping plastic wastes into the sea. As an obligate said, about 80% of the debris comes from land, much of which is plastic bags, bottles and other consumer products as wind blows plastic rubbish out of littered streets and landfills where it gets into rivers and sto rm drains beforehand riding the tides and currents out to sea (Grant, 2009). Some tourists always think the ocean is a big trash dustbin, they enjoy the scenery as well as drop the trash unconsciously. Environmental protection advertisement, worldly concern announcement and collection can be made to wake up the awareness of environmental protection from human.Although its hard to persuade those factories to close down their pollution business, the policies still need to be put into effect. It is indeed the most helpful approach to prevent the trash island grow up. At the national level in the United States, authorities like the fairish Water meet, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 do not specifically mention marine debris, but include standards applicable to the control of land based sources of marine debris (Interagency 2008). The most important thing is, such management can heighten humans awareness of protecting environmenta l, constant dropping wears the stone, I believe it will lead a right direction.If we can change our habits, the trash island will not grow. Ultimately more plastic recycling and wider use of biodegradable materials is the best hope for controlling these garbage patches (McLendon, 2010). Without global effort, we cannot successfully control the situation and protect the ocean environment marine animals and humans life will be at risk. Changes and actions need to be made, thus we can fix the problem and prevent it from occurring again. In conclusion, step-down of sources and international collaboration for cleanup is the most efficient way to reduce the expansion of the trash island.Work CitedProject Kaisei Capturing the moldable Vortex. Project Kaisei Capturing the Plastic Vortex. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2012. Ballard, K. The importance and conservation of Biomes. University of California. (2004) massive Pacific Garbage Patch. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation <http//en.wikipedi a.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch>. tribal chief Charles Moore. Earth Island Journal, Aug. 2009. Web. 05 Dec. 2012. Silverman,J.(2007,September 19).Why is the Worlds Biggest Land fill in the Pacific Ocean Retrieved February13,2012,from HowStuffWorks http//science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/oceanography/greatYpacificYgarbageYpatch3.html Grant, R.(2009,April 24).Drowning in plastic The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is twice the size of France.TheTelegraph . Interagency insure on Marine Debris Sources, Impacts, Strategies and Recommendations. Interagency marine debris coordinating perpetration (2008) McLendon,R.(2010,February 24).WhatistheGreatPacificGarbagePatch? Retrieved February 13, 2012,from Mother Nature earnings http//www.mnn.com/earthYmatters/translatingYuncleYsam/stories/whatYisYtheYgreatYpacificYoceanYgarbageYpatch

Travelling Essay

As for me I prefer to learn ab forth the world triggerling.Millions bulk every over the world sp barricade their holidays travelling. They travel to see new(prenominal) countries and continents, forward-looking cities and the ruins of ancient towns, they travel to enjoy picturesque places or just for a change of scene. Its al slipway interesting to discover new things and different ways of life, to meet different people, to try different food, to listen to different music.Those who work in the country like to go to a big city and spend their time visiting museums and art galleries, looking at entrepot windows and dining at exotic restaurants. City residents usually like a quiet holiday by the sea and in the mountains with nothing to do but walk and bathe and lay in the sun.Most travelers and holiday-makers take a camera with them and take pictures of everything that interest them the sights of a city, old churches and castles, quite a littles of mountains, lakes, valleys, plains, waterfalls, forests, different kinds of trees, flowers and plants, animals and birds. Later, possibly years later, they exit be reminded by the photos of the happy time they had.People travel by train, by plane, by ship or boat and by car. All means of travel have their advantages and disadvantages. And people choose 1 according to their plans and preferences. The fasters way of travelling is travelling by plane, but in my opinion the most comfortable is travelling by ship and the cheapest is travelling on foot.If we be fond of travelling, we see and learn a mickle of things that we can never see or learn at home, though we may read about them in books and newspapers and see pictures of them on TV. The outmatch way to study geography is to travel and the best way to go far to know and understand the people is to meet them in their own homes.Nowadays people mostly travel by air, as its the fastest means oftravelling. Passengers are requested to arrive at the airport 2 hours before remainder time on international flights and an hour on domestic flights, as there must be enough time to complete the requirement airport formalities. Before passengers get on board the plane, they have to evidence their luggage. Each passenger is given a boarding pass to be shown at the departure gate and again to the stewardess when boarding the plane.Landing formalities and custom regulations are more or less the same in all countries while still on board the plane the passengers are given arrival cards to fill in. After the passengers have disembarked, officials will check his passport and visa. Then the passengers go to the custom for an examination of their luggage. As a rule personal belongings may be brought in duty-free. In some cases the custom inspector may ask you to on the loose(p) your bag for inspection.As for me, I prefer to travel by plane. And now I would like to tell you about my first travelling by plane. It was in 1998 when I travelled to Ita ly. I travelled without parents, but with guide and other children. I dont remember exactly how much time it took to fly from capital of Belarus to Venice, but I think it must be about 2 or 3 hours.During the flight I communicated with my neighbours, I admired the view from my window and slept a bit. When we are were landing in Venice I looked out of my window and saw the entire city at my hand. It isnt true, that there is no one road in Venice, but only water channels. I can say that only the third part of the city is cover with water. Then the plain landed. So, it was my first travelling by plane.And in the end Ill say that traveling is a nice hobby and a large(p) thing if you want to know more about the world and for sure if you are studying a foreign language.

Active Vibration Control Importance In Mechanical Systems Engineering Essay

This literature study is based on alive(p) quake come across and its technology importance in schemes ( autolike ) . Active get carry is the mapping of minimizing, insulating or sublimeing takes impresent by waver, by restless voicely utilise opposing forces in severalise to acquire a sought subsequently status which whitethorn be vibration-free or a minimized status.The active influence of bang is of great importance in design of mechanical clays like choppers, where the habit of active reel retard bearing, has offered a crack comfort for the rider with less(prenominal) weight than the still revisal, which is the 2nd boss method of commanding flit. Active go through is anyhow use in cut run throughing low frequency thump in constructions by utilizing lightweight pulse actuators like piezoelectric ceramic. Many indus exertion feats and procedures whoremaster non take topographic leg if the industrial equipments atomic number 18 non operated in a vibration-free status, this necessitates quiver control. Since quiver whitethorn be ca apply by the mental unsoundness in most machine differentiate ( revolving parts like bearings, shaft, cogwheels, flywheel etc ) the information of active quiver control is indispensable for the machine interior graphic designer in order to bring forth an efficient and effectual machine transcriptions for modern twenty- intravenous feeding hours fabrication. Active quiver control has up to quartette methods viz. matrix method, divinatory finite component method, frequency solvent map and receptances method. The receptance method involve propels and zeros arrangement ( assignment of character reference of a squ ar matrixs ) which changes the intrinsic frequences to avoid resonance.However, the construct of classical quiver absorber can be related to a Frahm who registered US patent in 1909 for a device muffling quiver organic structures 1 . The theory of quiver soaking up foremost ap peargond in 1928 2 in an dependant literature and was made widely available in 1943 in the stolon edition of a book authored by J.P Den Hartog, Mechanical quiver 3 . There are dickens chief types of quiver control viz. the inactive structural alteration and active quiver control. The practical application of the former can be traced back to the play of Duncan 4 . In 1941 he determined the dynamic features of a complicated establishment create from dickens or much than subsystems with complecting belongingss and known receptances.The assignment of attribute radix of a unbowed matrix in active control lodge started in 1960 s when Wonham 5 gave an exhibition that rod cells of a system could be assigned by a province feedback in a ground of affairs whereby the system can be controlled. Kautsky et.al 6 described the quantitative method for happening robust ( good conditioned ) solutions to the province feedback pole assignment cheat by specifying a solutio n infinite of linearly independent eigenvectors, matching to the character ground exit of a square matrixs inevitable. The solutions gotten were such(prenominal) that the gauzyness of poles assigned to disturbances in the systems and rundown matrices was reduced. One of the interesting vista in active quiver control is the quadratic characteristic idea of a square matrix job ( QEP ) taken into history by Tisseur and Mbergeen 7 , they described the assorted linearization i.e. transmutation of QEP into additive generalized eigenvalue jobs with the akin characteristic foot of a square matrixs and computational method in any event integrating as many types of package available like matlab.A study of testal and theoretical comply of active quiver control was carried out, with some documents that contained the relevant surveies. The literature study majorly contained past explore ply done by subatomic figure of establishments and experts with their different techniques and so follows a brief treatment on documents of peculiar involvement.1.1 Experimental Surveies1.1.1 Techniques utilise in University of SouthamptonNumerous sum of work has been published, this mainly uses speed feedback. In regularation of Brennan et Al. 8 , five different actuators were compared ( magnetostrictive, electromagnetic and three piezoelectric types ) . There was a balance in each(prenominal) the devices between supplanting and force generating public presentation so a method of mensurating the balance was deduced. Improvement would endure been made, because it was create verb aloney as far back as 1998, especially in piezoelectric.Decentralised speed feedback is described in publication work of Serrand and Elliot 9 , on a stiff construction with a brace of active collocated detectors electromagnetic actuators, which are in parallel with a inactive excite horse. Two control channels which are independent were use and shown to rarefy low adroitness ( 40dB ) m ostly and be stable to little fluctuations in mass. The published work of Sang-Myeong et Al, . 10 Shows that the decentralized control is expanded to a stiff construction with four detectors and actuators, and so follows the said(prenominal) primp up in a flexible construction 11 . The control scheme was used to rarefy low frequence which is less than 100 Hz quiver by up to 14 dubnium, limited by the mental unsoundness of the low frequence introduced from filtrating interpret dis belongingsments.State feedback from speed and force criterion Benassi et al 12 is used on a 3 division of freedom ( DOF ) system, utilizing an actuator of individual inactiveness. The feedback cringle of interior force ( with a phase-lag compensator ) , reduces the inherent frequence and adds considerable muffling. Control attempt and meaning can be compared to a linear-quadratic regulator ( LQ R ) .In published work of Benassi et al. , 13 , the said(prenominal) system was used for displac ement feedback, with PID used to forestall the sag of the actuator and to modify the natural frequence of the actuator. Highpass come homes are used on the four on the four detector and actuator decentralized system Brennan et al 14 to bedevil an attenuation of 20 dubnium for manners at frequence less than 100 Hz.In ( Brennan et al, 2007 ) , the instability introduced from filtrating as a second of stage displacement is tested on the ii actuator system described in the published work of Serrand and Elliot ( 2000 ) . Condition for stability of supplanting, speed and acceleration feedback using highpass filters were developed, it was besides shown that high damping and relatively low corner frequences are wanted for supplanting and speed feedback.Gatti et Al ( 2007 ) used collocated piezoelectric transducer actuators and accelerometers, and dampen quiver by explicitly ciphering the minimum kinetic energy of the system. The system was arrange to be unstable when much lower a dditions lower than maximal theoretical were used. An absolute speed control ( AVF ) strategy ( Yan Et Al, Journal of sound quiver ) was shown to be effectual at rarefying yet low frequence manners therefore get jobs with the actuator resonances which is stabilized by a lead compensator.1.1.2 Techniques used in Virginia TechWilliam et al 11 provides a general reappraisal of the operation of four different types of piezoceramic actuators, with the preliminary trial of d31 consequence of Macro lineament Composites ( MFCs ) on a 1.8 meters diameter inflatable toroid ( hard raise of affairs to prove, because of its flexibleness ) . Sodano et al 12 ran unity Input Single Output ( SISO ) and Multiple Input and Multiple Output ( MIMO ) tests on the equivalent construction, utilizing MFC detectors 13 .In order to excite the whole toroid, a thumping propulsion force was required ( 800V through the MFC, 0-200Hz ) . Comparison was made between control strategies utilizing both sets of detectors on the toroid construction utilizing PPF ( Sodano, 2004 ) . The cleaner The PVDF detectors allowed lower fading when compared to that of cleaner signals from the MFCs which allow a significantly higher fading.Positive swiftness Feedback ( PVF ) was used by Tarazaga et al 15 to stifle a little inflatable construction, and compared instrument like optical maser vibrometer, accelerometer and turn over gage detectors. 4 FMC actuators were used while their control parametric quantities were tuned by manus. A 23 dubnium decrease was achieved in one manner with feeling via optical maser vibrometer, 7.db with strain gage.Alhazza et al 16 conducted a elaborate probe on detain feedback of a non-collocated PZT patch/accelerometer brace clamped on abeam, to stifle two manners at the same time. It has been shown that the muffling control is maximised where each pole has existent parts of similar magnitudes.Mahmoodi et al 17 used modified positive place feedback on an alum inum beam with two duet of MFC detector/actuator. They besides used realtime Fast Fourier Transform monitoring in dSPACE to near amaze the resonances of the system and alter the frequence of the nameant consequently. A big premium decrease was achieved in two manners ( 23-37 dubnium ) and a little alteration in frequences as an inauspicious consequence.1.1.3 Techniques used in BrusselsPerumont have written many documents just the most recent one is based on isolation of warheads. Hanieh and Perumont 18 used relative and built-in compensators to cut down the natural frequence of an isolator construction by half ( 50 % ) , although this does non specifically place the poles. They highlighted the habit of built-in addition to brace the system for change magnitude relative addition.Marneffe and Perumont 19 showed that manners can be dampened by negatively charged electrical capacity shunt circuits utilizing PZT actuators every(prenominal) bit good as increasing or diminish ing the natural frequencies..This method does non stifle every bit good as Integrated Force Feedback ( IFF ) , nevertheless poles are non specified clearly. The system can besides supply some inactive fading.Preumont et al 20 described decentralized force feedback on six-axis isolator in order to stifle three widely spaced manners of frequence ( 3-400 Hz ) close to 40 dubniums. They discovered that the petition for highpass filter with a really low corner frequence whish stabilise the combine signals has a side consequence on the fading.1.1.4 Techniques used in another(prenominal) InstitutionsGaudenzi et al 21 utilise place and speed feedback to a collocated PZT sensor/actuator on a clamped beam. Control additions are calculated in order to give specified muffling values in each instance, the frequence displacements are besides calculated but non clearly specified.Song et Al 22 compared Strain Rate Feedback ( SRF ) and Positive Position Feedback ( PPF ) for quiver decrease of a beam, utilizing a collocated PZT detector and actuator. They determined SRF damped quivers in about half snip off of PPF, but the nameant bandwidth was much smaller.Vasques and Rodrigues 23 presented a numerical survey which compares Changeless Amplitude Velocity Feedback ( CAVF ) , Changeless Gain Velocity Feedback ( CGVF ) , elongated Quadratic Regulator ( LQR ) and Linear Quadratic Gausssian ( LQG ) control on a beam with a piezoelectric actuator/sensor collocated brace. The habitude of Kalman-Bucy filter and its part to the possibility of spillover were demonstrated. CAVF and CGVF require distinction of the end product signals, which compromise stableness badly. The greatest fading was given by LQG control schemes with the lowest actuator force.Kolvalovs et al 24 model the effects of MFC actuators as a thermic rouse in Finite Element ( thermic enlargement coefficient I = piezoelectric changeless vitamin D / electrode spacing I?es ) , which was compared favorably w ith trial on a clamped aluminum beam. There was a study of big fading but it was non the control method.PZT detectors and four PZT actuators were used by Kwak and Heo 25 on the legs of an A frame to cut down quiver with Multiple-In-Multiple-Out PPF control. pile opposite technique was used by them to stifle more braces of pole than actuators, and to increase stableness. A decrease in natural frequences was predicted and observed, but are non explicitly specified in the control.Qiu et al 26 used non-collocated PZTs to command the starting time and the first two flexing manner of a beam. Lowpass filter and stage displacements were used to greatly lower the possibility of spillover. Their Variable thickening body part Control ( VSC ) uses the built-in of signal careful.Pole arrangement in procedure technology seems to be prevailing and reasonably implemented in a broad mode, for case Michiels et al 27 used the province feedback and the consequence of the clip hold was inclu ded. However, the chief aim in these systems is stability non the fading.1.1.5 use of Pole PlacementAn interesting facet in pole arrangement is the work done by Mahmoodi et al 17 , where the accountant with regard to the natural frequences of the system determined from the extremums of a FFT in dSPACE. A technique which is the same could let the control of time-varying mass, the FFT must be buffered must be buffered, hence the adaptative control is comparatively slow. There may be demand of existent clip robust curve adjustment.In published work of Kwak and Heo 25 , it is shown that in an effort to delegate more poles than actuators with a PPF accountant, finding control additions utilizing the pseudo opposite may non be desiable. This cogency of this may besides be applicable for the receptance method.A figure of surveies have shown that the addition in truth of MFCs as detectors when compared to other strain gages and accelerometers could better the anticipations of the cont rol addition. The candidst accountants, like displacement feedback were non every bit effectual as more complex accountants, but the optimum control strategy is non clear. It was shown that highpass filters and turning past of taking derived functions of measured signal are necessary. In some conditions of PZT actuators, lowpass filters were required because they can readily excite manners of high frequence and give rise to spillover.1.2 Theoretical SurveiesSome few documents were selected so that the consecutive development of the subject can be presented without adverting all the research works conducted by the research workers. Before the theoretical reappraisal it is imperative to present some mathematical theory of quiver suppression for the jailed of familiarization with the active quiver control.In general the rule of active quiver control by method of receptance modelled by Mottershead and Ram 28 is as followsSee the three systems M, C, and K with province feedback Whe re, M is the mass system C is the damping system K is jumping system ( stiffness )Ma?? ( T ) + Ca? ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = degree Fahrenheit ( T ) ( clip sphere ) ( 1 )Ma?? ( T ) + Ca? ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = bu ( T ) + P ( T ) ( 2 )B is a vector while u ( T ) is a scalar.U ( T ) = ( gTx + fTa? )U ( T ) = -gTx fTa?thence equation ( 2 ) becomesMa?? ( T ) + Ca? ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = B ( -gTx fTa? ) + P ( T ) ( 3 )Ma?? ( T ) + Ca? ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = bgTx bfTa? + P ( T ) ( 4 )Under a existent status, each non nothing groundworks in B essence the usage of an actuator while in g or degree Fahrenheit means the usage of detector.In frequence sphere, the consequence in equation ( 4 ) gives Ms2 + Cs + K +b ( gT + foot ) x ( s ) =p ( s )It is obvious that the close-loop dynamic stiffness is changed by the rank-1 alteration B ( gT+ foot ) due to the province feedback when one input is used.The opposite of a matrix with a rank-1 alteration in footings of the opposite of the original matrix is given b y The Sherman-Morrison conceptualization 29 .Hence, the close-loop receptance matrix isA ( s ) = H ( s ) H ( s ) B ( gT + foot ) H ( s )1+ ( gT + foot ) H ( s ) BH ( s ) is equal to the opposite of Ms + Cs + K . It may be determined practically from the matrix of receptances H ( tungsten ) measured at the sensor/actuator coordinates.1.2.1 Receptance Modelling TechniquesMottershead and Ram 28 concluded that the system matrices M, C and K are non required to be evaluated in depute poles and nothings in active quiver control when utilizing receptance method.Duncan 30 and Sofrin 31 were the first set of people to compose paper which addressed the job of fall in two or more dynamical systems in 1941 and 1945 severally. The job considered by them was based on finding the dynamic behavior of a compound system which was formed as a consequence of uniting two or more subsystems with known receptances and known belongingss which are interconnected. The technique creates the foo ting for the job of direct structural alteration by receptance modeling, which the elaborate account has been given by Bishop and Johnson 32 . Ewins 33 gave a general expression for finding the receptances of a compound system utilizing measured receptances from another constituent. In this, the matrix of connection-point receptances need to be inverted, this is known to be an improperly posed job. Berman 33, 34 has explained the job in flexibleness matrix inversion to mystify stiffness and frailty versa.Weissenburger 35 presented the first paper to speak about reverse structural alteration job. In this job, the aim is to find the necessary alteration to put natural frequences and antiresonances ( assignment of characteristic root of a square matrix ) . The receptance in the receptance patterning method proposed by Weissenburger got decomposed into abbreviated set of spectra and manners. Weissenburger s work was extended by Pomazal autonomic nervous systems Synder 36 to m uffle system and see the best pick of alteration co-ordinates.Dowell 36 used an attack called quotient attack considered the general form of puting natural frequences after adding mass and spring to modify. The straightforward procedure applied in simple unit-rank alterations by add of a mass, is the assignment of individual natural frequence. It merely requires the measuring of the point receptance at the co-ordinate of alteration at the frequence to be assigned for the value of the mass added to be determined for the intent of delegating a individual natural frequence. In pattern, the add-on of a grounded spring is more hard than an added mass.Receptance modeling for the assignment of antiresonances was foremost applied in UK chopper industry in 1972. It was discovered by Vincent 37 that when a construction is excited at a point Q with obdurate frequence is modified by adding a spring between two co-ordinates r and s, so the response at another point P will follow out a lic k when it is plotted in the complex canvass when the stiffness of the spring is being varied from subtraction to plus eternity. Hence there is a decrease in job of quiver suppression to happening point on the circle nigh to the complex response beginning. Thorough description of this method was given by Done and Hughes 38 and was further analysed by Nagy 39 to include Vincent circle analysis of a spring-mass absorber.The job of delegating antiresonance was discovered once more after a long period of no activities by Li et al 40 , but at that place was a parapet in their analysis by the necessity to find the manners of the grounded system that have characteristic root of a square matrixs matching to the antiresonances. The manner was determined numerically from the mass and stiffness matrices already reduced in size by the eliminating row and column. The sensitivenesss of the system antiresonances were considered by Mottershead 41 . thrill node was created by Mottershea d and Lallement 42 by call offing pole with a nothing utilizing a receptance patterning method. Force restraint to measured point and cross-receptances was applied by Mottershead 43 in order to find characteristic root of a square matrixs ( pole ) , eigenvector and receptances of the forced systems. Then, add-on of multitudes to a beam leads to the accomplishment of delegating antiresonances in a physical experiment for the first clip.1.2.2 Active Control TechniquesMottershead and Ram 28 , concluded that active quiver control offers much greater flexibleness in delegating covet dynamic behavior ( like poles ) than the inactive alteration because all poles can be assigned to order arbitrary location if the system is governable while in inactive alteration there is a restriction of symmetric alteration.In the theory of automatic control, a underlying consequence provinces that the moral force of a system a can be regulated by delegating the characteristic root of a square matri xs, or poles, of the system utilizing a individual input force, provided that the system is governable 44 . Another option to modulate the moral force of a system is to utilize multiple control forces 45 . The usage of multiple control forces lead to accomplishment of redundancy which has been used by Kautsky et al 3 to do certain that there is hardiness of the control system in the sense that the pole assigned are non sensitive to disturbances in the parametric quantities of the system. For stableness to be achieved, all the system s pole must lie on the left-hand side of the complex plane. In every bit much as natural quivers are described normally by finite component theoretical account which are of big dimensions, it is non normally easy to cognize whether all the characteristic root of a square matrixs possess negative existent parts, particularly when a large-space structural control system is being designed 46,47 . patch some characteristic root of a square matrixs a ssociated with big vibe are being relocated, other characteristic root of a square matrix of which there was no purpose of altering them, shifted towards the righ hand-side of the complex plane and this may take to instability of the system. Such a procedure is called the spillover of poles. Saad 48 developed an algorithm for the selective changing of the spectrum of the dynamic system consists of a set of first-order differential equation. For the partial derivative pole assignment job associated with systems undergoing quiver, a closed-form solution was derived in 49 , where there was resettlement of some coveted characteristic root of a square matrixs to order places, while all other characteristic root of a square matrixs remain unchanged. The usage of a certain perpendicularity relation made this accomplishable which applies to a general viscously-damped system. Generalisation has been made refering this method to include multi-input control forces. In this, little contro l attempt was control by redundancy in the control forces.1.2.3 Continuous System TechniqueThe job of direct characteristic root of a square matrix of a system which is additive and perpetual and in combination with another system is good understood. Danek 50 used Green s maps in obtaining the characteristic equation and natural frequences of two beams which are connected at distinct points. Classical method of dividing variables was used by Nicholson and Bergman 51 in order to analyze free quiver of two types of combined additive undamped dynamical systems. Both systems need the add-on of oscillator to beams. Bergman and Nicholson 52 besides showed that for a additive combined system dwell of a viscously damped simple beam and a figure of viscously damped oscillators, the response could be solved in closed signifier. Conditionss were given for the being of classical normal manners in a combined viscously damped additive system and the accurate solution for the response to a n arbitrary excitement when this status is satisfied.In ceaseless systems, nodal points can be specified by utilizing inactive or active control. The control force in footings of an infinite merchandise of characteristic root of a square matrixs was expressed by Ram 53 . The consequence is based on certain relation that connects the eigenfunctions to a merchandise of characteristic root of a square matrixs 54 .It was shown by Singh and Ram 55 that anodal point in a vibrating beam may be assigned bythe usage of manner form informations associated with auxiliary set of partial differential equations.In decision,