Mary Mahoney The First African-American Nurse Graduate

Life in Boston Massachusetts in the 1900’s was extremely hard and strenuous. Automobiles were beginning to appear on the dirt roads, telephone service was starting to make its way into the homes of the fortunate few, while most of the of the population was still living without running water and electricity. Education was generally meant for the white children as African Americans schools had fewer books, poorly paid teachers and school buildings that were run down. Although the African Americans were no longer slaves, they were still treated as sub- citizens and fighting for equality. Through this enduring strife, there were pioneers that pathed the way for future minorities to live out their dream. One of those†¦show more content†¦These were strenuous times as her shifts were lengthy 16-hour several days a week. Despite long hard hours, Mary’s focus never waivered. She loved what she was doing and was determined more than ever to complete the program. On August 1, 1879, Mary received her nursing certificate. Not only was she the first African American to receive a nursing certificate, she was one of four students out of the original 40, that successfully completed the program. The other students were all white. Mary spent the next 30 years working as a private nurse and still managed to have time to supervise at the Howard Orphan Asylum for black children in Kings Park, Long Island. Most importantly, she strived to promote further access for women of color and open the doors of opportunity. This passion led her to cofound the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses in 1908. Mary spent 40 years as a dedicated and professional member of society until her death on, January 4, 1926, of breast cancer. Although she was never recognized for her contributions while she was alive, many awards and acknowledgements have been proclaimed in her honor since her death. â€Å"Every nurse knows about Mary Mahoney,† says Harriet Brathwaite, AAS, MSN, RN, the 2004 recipient of the Mary Mahoney Award. â€Å"I first had heard about her before I ever became a nurse. She is one of those icons inShow MoreRelatedHow African American Woman Is Working Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will be investigate about how African American woman was working hard to become successful in the elegance of the society in the 1880s and years beyond that. Being African American woman who is demanding to profitable to Nursing profession is a story of colored women fighting to overcome racial, social and economic injustice. In 1879s there was institutions, policy that only one African American students and one Jewish students could be enrolled in each training class at a time. NeverthelessRead MoreHistorical Development Nursing Timeline1331 Words   |  6 Pagesto the 19th century, nursing care included basic hygiene, and primarily comfort needs. These were carried out by Nuns, and other religious groups (Craven amp; Hirnle,  2003). Nursing could possibly be the oldest profession. It started with wet nurses, who delivered babies, cared for them and their mothers (Weatherford,  2014). 19th century. Florence Nightingale developed the Environmental Theory. During the Crimean War she noticed more soldiers died of disease then of battlefield injuries. Read MoreHISTORICAL CONTEXT OF NURSING5706 Words   |  23 Pagesprimarily functioned—within a framework of human caring. This legacy of human caring dates back to biblical times and has been integrated into every facet of nursing. This content will discuss an overview of the historical evolution of nursing and nurse leaders that have shaped its current status. PREHISTORIC PERIOD Nursing in the prehistoric period was delineated by health practices that were strongly guided by beliefs of magic, religion, and superstition. Individuals who were ill were consideredRead MoreHistory of Nursing Essay1959 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of Nursing The topic of this paper is to identify historical events in nursing. This topic grasps my attention because I am on the track to become a nurse, and feel I need to know about the history of nursing. The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader about historical highlights in nursing. In The Beginning American Nurses Association defines nursing as â€Å"the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of sufferingRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesCompilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein that first appeared elsewhere. ii Permission to reprint these has been obtained by Pearson Custom Publishing for this edition only. Further reproduction by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage

African-American Firsts in the 18th Century

Jeffersonian And Jacksonian Democracy - 1574 Words

Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy both have roots dating back to the Era of Good Feelings, when James Monroe created a golden climate of liberalism and national unity. As a result of the War of 1812, Monroe spoke of his policies and beliefs and in 1817, peace, liberty, prosperity, and progress flourished throughout the nation (Garraty 200). The Era of Good Feelings came to an end because of the â€Å"corrupt bargain† in 1824. The transition from Jeffersonian to Jacksonian Democracy involved scandalous events that undermine the authority of the president and the government itself. Each Democracy had different views: politically, socially, economically and religiously. Jackson’s idea of democracy, furthermore, is an accurate representation†¦show more content†¦Similar to the beliefs of the Founding Father’s political democracy that- ordinary men should have political power to protect himself against the superior man- Jacksonian Democracy deftly delive rs civil rights to white men (Garraty 240) (Document 1). Before Jackson’s presidency, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 in an effort to create a balance between the slave states and free states. This was significant because many southerners wanted to expand slavery while northerners wanted to abolish slavery. While northerners argued that Congress should be allowed to prohibit slavery, southerners insisted on â€Å"popular sovereignty†, the idea that states should be able to determine whether or not slavery should be allowed in their state(history.com). As a result, during Jackson’s presidency, more white men began to work and as the number of states entering the union increased, laws excluding African American men from voting increased under Jackson’s reign. This shows how racial segregation increases under Jackson’s reign. African Americans were given no civils rights and equality. Because of this, there was an Abolitionist Crusade in which William Lloyd Garrison forms an Anti-Slavery Society i n the 1830s. The majority of the Anti-Slavery Society is made up from democrats who protested the denial of political and civil rights to slaves. Freed and runaway slaves such as Frederick Douglass gave many speeches and wrote Narrative of theShow MoreRelatedJeffersonian Republicanism vs. Jacksonian Democracy1441 Words   |  6 Pagesstatus quo. The Jeffersonian Republicans image of the common man was one vested in the educated and independent farmer, who by no stretch of the imagine had the capabilities to serve in government. The Jacksonian Democracies image of the common man expanded from farmers to include laborers, planters, and mechanics. Jackson saw these people as the true representatives of the Government, and thus its true servers. The image of the common man for each the Jeffersonians and the Jacksonians differed in theRead MoreEssay on Jeffersonian Vs. Jacksonian Democracy in the US1927 Words   |  8 Pageswe distinguish ‘Jacksonian democracy’ from Ã¢â‚¬Ë œJeffersonian democracy’? A period of nearly 30 years are associated with the Presidency of Jefferson, his successors and his ‘democracy’ from 1801 until Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828. A vision of a united, equal America, limited government and natural aristocracy ruled the Jeffersonian style of democracy. However, with the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828, a new form of democracy, differentiating in multiply ways to the Jeffersonian America, engulfedRead MoreThe Evolution Of Democracy In The Early Republic. The Evolution1206 Words   |  5 PagesThe Evolution of Democracy in the Early Republic The evolution of democracy from the time of President Thomas Jefferson to President Andrew Jackson can be depicted as a minimal change in conceptually agrarian viewpoints and strong supporters of equality for the common man. While the two men essentially shared many of the same beliefs and ideas, there was a noticeable difference to how they acted on them and spoke out about them. As the nation s third president, Jefferson organized the national governmentRead MoreU.s. Department Of State And The United States Agency Of International Development Essay915 Words   |  4 Pagesdirection. In these strategic objectives there is representation of Wilsonian, Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, and Jacksonian ideals. Current U.S. foreign policy certainly has a strong Wilsonian flavor. However, Wilson’s theory alone does not accurately portray U.S. foreign policy in the 21st Century. I will present examples of the other main political policy ideals and practices (Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, and Jacksonian) in twenty-first century U.S. foreign relations. Woodrow Wilson was the 28th PresidentRead MoreThe Shaping Of Our Country1092 Words   |  5 PagesHistory I to 1876 Mr. William Stowe 28 November 2014 The shaping of our country has been impacted by several different factors, each contributing to it in their own way. Four of the major pivot points that occurred consists of: Jeffersonian democracy, Jacksonian democracy, Civil War/Reconstruction, Revolution/Constitution. However one of them happened to be the most impacting which was the Civil War and Reconstruction. The American Civil War occurred during 1861 to 1865, lasting only five yearsRead MoreSectionalism In The 19th Century1318 Words   |  6 Pagesand ongoing expansion during the early 19th century that helped to bring America together for a period both contributed to a time of happiness and breakthroughs in which America is trying to be defined as a happy and thriving nation. The rise of democracy coupled with the the gradual political process, both magnify the degree to which America was still trying to find themselves politically. The rise of sectionalism and decline of nationalism point to the once wavering aura of togetherness and separatenessRead MoreThe Evolution Of American Democracy Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution of the American Democracy United States can be seen as the first liberal democracy. The United States Constitution, adopted in 1788, provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties. On the American frontier, democracy became a way of life, with widespread social, economic and political equality. The system gradually evolved, from Jeffersonian Democracy or the First Party System to Jacksonian Democracy or the Second Party System and later to the ThirdRead MoreDonald Trump s Foreign Policy Essay1843 Words   |  8 Pagesvalues and concerns of Jacksonian America (Mead 2002, 231).† Donald Trump embodies those Jacksonian principles almost down to the mark, with a small percentage of Jeffersonian thrown in. He believes in first and foremost protecting America and its interests while still protecting the liberties at home, and that is what has shaped and will shape his foreign policy if and when he becomes president. We will examine how Donald Trumps’ foreign policies align with the Jeffersonian school of thought firstRead MoreThe Evolution of American Democracy1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution of the American Democracy United States can be seen as the first liberal democracy. The United States Constitution, adopted in 1788, provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties. On the American frontier, democracy became a way of life, with widespread social, economic and political equality. The system gradually evolved, from Jeffersonian Democracy or the First Party System to Jacksonian Democracy or the Second Party System and later to the Third PartyRead MoreThe Growth Of Democracy And Emergence Of Political Parties1804 Words   |  8 Pages1.There were many causes for the growth of democracy and emergence of political parties in early 19th century. To begin with, the expansion of franchise was instrumental in the growth of democracy. This occurred because certain legislatures laid back on their policies regarding who was allowed to vote. Many states started to increase white male suffrage, starting with Maryland, Indiana in 1816, Illinois in 1818, and Alabama in 1819. By the mid 1820s majority of the states had expanding voting rights

First Sergeant And Commanders Responsibility ( Profiles /...

First Sergeant and Commanders Responsibility (PROFILES/MEDPROS): Temporary profiles are intended to allow soldiers to properly recover from illness or injury. Commanders must consult with medical personnel to determine what physical training and duty requirements the profiled soldier can perform. The intent of a profile is to assist the soldier in fully returning to duty in the fastest, safest manner possible. Organizational leaders are responsible for the use and monitoring of MEDPROS to measure their unit/individual medical readiness status. Leaders should analyze medical data and generate reports to determine the medical and dental readiness of individuals, units, and task forces. Unit commanders are responsible for monitoring their Soldiers’ Individual Medical Readiness (IMR) and ensuring compliance with all the combined elements of medical readiness. The elements include immunizations, physical profiles/duty limitations, vision, hearing, labs, dental, personal deployment meds, physical health assessment (PHA), individual medical equi pment (IME), and pregnancy screening. †¢ A physical profile is composed of six factors: Physical capacity, Upper extremities, Lower extremities, Hearing and ears, eyes, and (S) Psychiatric (P-U-L-H-E-S). †¢ Each factor is rated on a scale of 1 to 4. These factors represent limits to classification or assignment: 1= no limitations, 2 = possible limitations, 3 = limitations required, 4= drastic limits to military duties. †¢ DesignatedShow MoreRelatedCulture-Bound Consumer Behavior3727 Words   |  15 PagesModule 1 Exam 1. When selecting a UPL the Commander must take into consideration which of the following qualifications? The commander appoints an officer or non-commisned officer ( e-5 r above) on orders as the UPL 2. What are the side effects of THC? Short Term Memory Loss 3. Rohypnol is known as a Date Rape Drug due to its association with which of the following behavior patterns? Rape 4. Ethical reasoning is characterized by ______? Beliefs 5. How many perspectives are used

Examples Of Attainment Of The American Dream In The Great...

The Attainment of The American Dream within The Great Gatsby For much of its existence, the Human race’s goal has been to obtain the most money so that they may gloat about everything they have and make a place for themselves at the top of the social ladder. In 1920’s, wealth was the fundamental way of claiming your place in the world. This was shown by the characters of The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. This book features the battles to create a happy life for yourself and all the mess in between. Undeterred by heritage, race, and class you can obtain the American Dream through perseverance and commitment to your work. In the novel, Gatsby shows perseverance through his relationship with Daisy Buchanan. She was an old†¦show more content†¦Nick is quoted saying â€Å"They’re a rotten crowd...you’re worth the whole damn bunch put together.† Nick is referring to Gatsby, this shows the kind of love Nick has for Gatsby. In the end, Gatsby is shot and Nick is left shattered. Firstly, because he has just lost a dear friend, and he gets a glance as to whom truly cared for Gatsby. Which was in fact no one but Nick himself. Nick is left torn as to whether or not he should forget all about Gatsby and his situations in New York or remember Gatsby for the bond they shared and what an impact he had made on Nick’s life. In today’s times many would say the American Dream is to have a comfortable lifestyle. In order for this to be achieved it is fundamental to have an education. This consists of going to grade school, high school, then to a university, college, or technical school. Now you may seek out a person in high school such as myself and ask the question, â€Å"Do you feel that you need to have great perseverance in order to graduate from your schooling?† I can almost guarantee that any person would respond with a strong â€Å"YES!† The average teenager needs about 8 hours of sleep to be fully functional and restored from the previous day. Many students juggle the responsibilities of a job, at home duties, schooling, and a social life, leaving not much time for their bodies and minds to reboot. This is where the perseverance part would come intoShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1335 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream is a philosophy based off of starting from nothing and achieving family, fortune, and fame. The belief that self-determination and hard work will lead to the attainment of the American Dream is strongly tied with the American culture. This philosophical idea, however, is not portrayed in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, which is often referred to as one of the â€Å"Great American Novels† to date. In terms, a â€Å"Great American Novel† should portray an honest and well-rememberedRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesScott Fitzgerald’s ‘The Great Gatsby’ seems to suggest that Gatsby s rags-to-riches success story makes him an embodiment of the American Dream. However, upon deeper of his character has yielded that there are aspects of Jay Gatsby that call into question his so called success. As a result, I have concluded that F.Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, although still displays the overarching theme that is the American Dre am it, in fact, portrays ‘The disintegration of the American dream’ through the characterRead MoreSymbolism Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1130 Words   |  5 Pagesmeaning to the mind of the readers. The reader is forced to think, make connections, and succeed in adding a new meaning to the novel. F. Scott Fitzgerald is a master of hiding deeper meanings behind a text as clearly showcased in the novel The Great Gatsby. The â€Å"iceberg theory† describes that only around 20% of the story is directly revealed through text. In comparison to an actual iceberg, that is usually the portion of the floating ice mountain that is visible above water. The other 80% of theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1413 Words   |  6 PagesEverybody has dreams, and everybody must deal with reality – that is the nature of life. A dream can be defined as something imagined, an ambition or an ideal, and reality is the term assigned to all things real. Humans, by our very nature, are ambitious, ever pursuing our dreams, our deepest desires. It is the very purpose of life to make our goals our aspirations, real. Therefore it is the nature of life to live through reality and to dream. It is fitting, then, that many texts have beenRead MoreThe American Dream By F. Scott Fitzgerald And Death Of A Salesman Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesProminent American writer and historian James Truslow Adams once wrote, â€Å"The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. In both The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, the main characters search for the achievement of the American dream in themselves and the world around them. While the American dream is defined differently for theRead More F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - A Life Foolishly Lived1403 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Gatsby:  Ã‚  A Life Foolishly Lived  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Released in 1925, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby cleverly demonstrates the manners and morals commonly practiced throughout the time period. The plot revolves around several main themes and effectively expresses Fitzgerald’s unique perspective. With an objective standpoint, Nick Carraway narrates the story as Jay Gatsby, a foolish racketeer, tries to win over his lifelong love, Daisy Buchanan. Although pecuniary matters canRead More Comparing the Perversion of Values in The Great Gatsby and Death of a Salesman1642 Words   |  7 PagesPerversion of Values in The Great Gatsby and Death of a Salesman      Ã‚   Throughout History there are many examples of perversions, from sexual, social to the very morals themselves. One of the greatest examples is the continuous corruption of the American Dream. As the Dream evolves, it tends to conform to the illicit dealings of the time and immortals of society. No longer is an individual interested in working hard to achieve goals, it is desirous of the quick fix. Society wants its wishesRead MoreAt First Glance F. Scott Fitzgerald’S Book The Great Gatsby1190 Words   |  5 Pagesbook The Great Gatsby is a simple love story that is eventually brought to a tragic end by a disillusioned man seeking vengeance. Additionally, one can easily see that this love story is intermingled with many interesting and ironic elements including prestige, wealth, vanity, and ultimately, tragedy. However, when one delves deeper into the precepts of this book, one will easily see that it is full of symbolic language that represents a disheartening, fatalistic view of the American Dream. Once thisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1190 Words   |  5 Pagesbook The Great Gatsby is a simple love story that is eventually brought to a tragic end by a disillusioned man seeking vengeance. Additionally, one can easily see that this love story is intermingled with many interesting and ironic elements including prestige, wealth, vanity, and ultimately tragedy. However, when one delves deeper into the precepts of this book, one will easily see that it is full of symbolic language that represents a disheartening, fatalistic view of the American Dream. Once thisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2017 Words   |  9 PagesHonors American Literature January 7, 2015 Written in 1925, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald follows Jay Gatsby in his quest to win back Daisy Buchanan, the love he lost five years earlier. Gatsby’s endeavor leads him from poverty to wealth, and eventually to death. The novel presents a clear picture of 1920’s culture in America, where people’s idea of the American Dream is simply riches and fame. The American Dream is the fundamental force which drives most characters in The Great Gatsby, but

Environmental Finance

Question: Write an essay on Environmental finance. Answer: Introduction Although science has made stupendous progress, still about a third of earths population lives in areas where they have shortage of fresh water. One of the prominent cause of this is the growth of population and when combined with the climate changes in the arid and semi-arid areas of this planet, there will be increase in water demand and reduced availability of fresh water. A fitting example of this phenomenon is the murray-darling basin in australia. In this region authorities have made large scale water reforms and planning, which have helped in reducing consumptive extraction and has also made the river ecosystems more sustainable under the climate variability, as per grafton et al, (2014). The authorities made use of the actual data which was considered for assessing the climate change and variability, and for analysing the long-term ecological function of the river systems. The findings of grafton et al, (2014) indicated that a better water planning, combined with more understanding of the effects caused by irrigation on the regional climate evapotranspiration, will, in the long run, help in achieving better profits by increasing the gross value of food and fibre production, with Increased benefits from consumptive and non-consumptive use of water. Improved riparian environment under climate variability. The evaluations of murray-darling basin (mdb), carried out by this paper, are aimed at providing an insight into the management of consumptive and non-consumptive water in the mdb, say grafton et al, (2014). This review is for Assessing the ecosystem impacts of the current water reforms. Considering the costs and benefits of the reforms. Providing ways to improve water management in the basin area. Discussion Ecosystems A complete ecosystem comprises of various plant, animal and microorganism communities, including the non-living environment. In fact, humans too are an integral part of the ecosystems, as per connell grafton (ed.), (2011). Ecosystem services Ecosystem services consist of the benefits obtained by people from the ecosystems and these benefits include the life-supporting as well as life-enhancing services provided by the ecosystems. Broadly, according to acton, (2012), the following benefits are derived from a well maintained ecosystem Provisioning Fresh water Food Wood and fibre Fuel Regulating Water purification Flood regulation Climate regulation Disease regulation Cultural Aesthetic Spiritual Recreational Educational Rivers, wetlands and floodplains Seeming to be simple, functional aspects of every ecosystem are very complex and are finely balanced. Removal of any one factor from an ecosystem or making a simple change in any of the physical conditions (including flow change in seasons) of the ecosystem can bring about a major change in the performance of the ecosystem, say rogers ralph, (2011). In the mdb, there are numerous plants and animals, which combined with a diverse range of climatic environments, end-up making different types of ecosystems in the area. Rivers The mdb has a vast network of rivers, watercourses and creeks. The rivers are long and slow flowing because of the flat nature of the basin. This causes high degree of water evaporation from the various water bodies, and is helped by the semi-arid climate among the lower catchment areas, as per woodward et al, (2014). This can be gauged from the fact that darling rivers the actual course is 3 times longer than the direct distance which it travels. Another important factor is that most of the creeks and rivers carry water only during flood times, hence these creeks and rivers are known as ephemeral watercourses. It is pertinent to note that regular water flow has an important role in the mdb system, as it helps in flushing of sediments, salt and nutrients from the river. Similarly, a high rate of water flow starts the process through which floodplains and wetlands receive the sediment and nutrients, and also the groundwater system is recharged, assert palutikof et al, (2014). In this way, there are different types of vegetation and ecosystems, which are dependent on periodic or regular flooding. Rivers are also home of fish and many other aquatic species. A particular type of aquatic specie thrives in different part of the river system. Hence, strings of pools or slow moving or fast moving waters are essential for the growth of different species of fish at the particular stages of their life cycle. Mammals and birds too depend for basic water needs on the fresh water provided by the river as well as for the food sources. Thus we find that mdb fulfils all the requirements mentioned above under ecosystem services, as per palutikof et al, (2014). Floodplains The land alongside the rivers banks, which is slightly elevated, is called floodplain and gets flooded when the river has high volumes of water. This land is majorly made-up from the sediment deposited by the river during flood. The areas of the floodplain which remain wet even after receding of flood waters are known as wetlands. Hence, flooding provides the natural process which extracts excess salt from the floodplain and also the river system, assert saintilan overton, (2010). In the mdb, floodplains are an important feature, because they embody unique ecosystems, including the barmahmillewa forest situated in the central murray catchment area. These floodplains provide fertile ground to humans for agriculture. One such area is alongside the darling river from bourke to menindee. The groundwater beneath floodplains is of high quality and is influenced by the groundwater which flows from the upper catchment areas. Floodplain vegetation also plays an important role by using the groundwater below the soil profile, and also prevents the underneath salt rising to the ground surface and being carried to the river, say grafton et al, (2014). Wetlands Wetlands, as explained above are areas either with shallow or slow moving water. In the mdb, these areas are among the most productive and biologically diverse ecosystems. They provide the essential breeding and feeding grounds for various types of organisms, plants, fish and water-birds. Wetlands also help in first absorbing, then recycling and finally releasing various nutrients and sediment, thus acting as natures filtering agents. Wetlands also help in increasing productivity of other associated aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, as per grafton et al, (2014). Mdb area has over 30,000 wetlands. Some of these are listed as world heritage sites for the role they play as home to migratory birds. Scientifically, these wetlands need to be alternately dry and wet so as to remain healthy and promote aquatic life. Wetlands also add to the diversity of the surrounding landscape and have remained the focus of a number of recreational activities. During the wet periods, these spread and store floodwaters, and release them gradually, thus reducing the effects of floods. Whereas, during drought, these provide refuge to wildlife and grazing grounds for livestock, as per rogers ralph, (2011). As described above, the ecosystems are delicately balanced and to perform effectively, they require the correct proportion of all the ingredients, such as water-flow, non-living organism such as soil, stones and living organism such as plants, fish and other mammals. Human population creates the biggest amount of disturbance in the ecosystem, thereby disrupting the smooth and controlled performance of the nature, say rogers ralph, (2011). This not only disturbs the life-cycle of the non-living and living organism, it also effects, in a huge way, the economic efficiency of the area as the maintenance costs of restoring the semblance of the natures performance is very high and time-consuming. Economic efficiency Scarcity of resources is the first warning which leads to the decisions for maintaining economic efficiency. The cost of restoration or of taking relevant action is sometimes higher than the cost of the alternative which has to be given up. The cost-benefit principle of economics by which benefits and costs are compared is the basis of the concept of economic efficiency. Environmental and resource policies The authorities, as per woodward et al, (2014), need to formulate suitable and effective policies concerning environment and resource management as detailed below A command-and-control policy An environmental policy which will rely on regulations such as permission, standard setting, prohibition and enforcement as opposed to giving financial incentives, such as, location control, emission standards and technology restrictions. Promotion and distribution of market based instruments (mbis) for inviting more stakeholders. Purpose of mbis is to address environmental problems by including the external costs of the economic activities through a system involving a mechanism based on price or quantity and may include such measures as subsidies, emission permits and emission taxes. Markets and incentives The benefits of mbis are A market economic system shall give business opportunities to more people and shall also increase the per capita incomes when they provide goods and services which are needed by others. Such opportunities form the basis of the incentives which are instrumental in driving the activities in market economies. A well working economic system is shall lead to a better outcome when looked from a social perspective, assert palutikof et al, (2014). Market economies Market based instruments (mbis) Mbis have the following advantages Mbis create direct approach. Market prices generate faster incentives for achieving improved environmental outcomes as compared to direct regulations. Mbis can be designed for overcoming market failures. Mbis can also be used for creating markets for those ecosystem services which do not command explicit market prices, as per mills, (2008). Different types of mbis Price-based Quantity-based Market friction Subsidies Emission charges Performance bonds Deposit-refund systems User/product charges Non-compliance fees Removal of perverse subsidies / taxes Offset schemes Tradable permits Rights or quotas Research programs Designed to facilitate market exchanges Reducing market barriers Extension/education program Information disclosure Labelling The passing of the water act 2007 (cwlth) and making it a law put to rest several decades of ambiguity about a water policy which was aiming at improving the ecological health of the mdb. The murraydarling basin agreement was adopted in 1987 with an aim of planning and management of natural resources of mdb area. Then, the council of australian governments (coag) water reform framework was formulated in 1994, committing the governments in allocating water for the environment and thus establishing a market for water through the national water initiative of 2004. These reforms enabled management of surface water as well as groundwater resources for an improved social, economic and environmental outcome in mdb area, as per labatt white, (2003). The basis of the measures noted above were the following three factors Financial incentives, market prices and ecosystem services Financial incentives are often provided by prices. Market prices are signals that reflect the economic value of a good, service or asset. Prices are usually determined by the market. Given the non -market nature of environmental market goods and services, pricing ecosystem services is difficult. Allocations in a market system Can a system of markets produce efficient and equitable allocation of environmental goods and services? Different institutional arrangements might be able to allocate scarce resources, e.g., dictatorship, central planning A great advantage of markets is they serve as a decentralised information-processing system. Conditions for markets to work Markets exist for goods and services produced and consumed All markets are perfectly competitive All transactors have relevant information Property rights are well defined No externalities exist All goods and services are private Among the several precursors to mdbs plan for recovery of water for environmental purposes, the most prominent has been the living murray program (tlmp), through which nearly 500 gl has been recovered for the environment since 2004, when the program began, assert ali yano, (2004). Under this program, the government has used about au$700 million for purchasing water entitlements, 99-year leases and making farm investments in irrigation water infrastructure. The aim of tlmp is to ensure that the environmental water requirements are met for the six icon sites for keeping them in a healthy ecological condition, as defined in the environmental management plans. The six icon sites are Barmahmillewa forest Gunbowerkoondrookperricoota forest Hattah lakes Chowilla floodplain and lindsaywallpolla islands Lower lakes, coorong and murray mouth River murray channel. The government has also made allocation of another au$250 million for building allied infrastructure works at the above noted six icon sites for improving efficient delivery of the recovered environmental water, as per ali yano, (2004). Financial tools used Some of the most common category of economic instruments which are often used in the markets are those with risk sharing / alleviating tools, says lobo-guerrero, (2010). They are available in the form of (a) insurance, (b) catastrophe bonds and (c) weather derivatives. Insurance This is the typical risk sharing/alleviating type of instrument. The insured party pays a premium to the insuring company which covers the risks with respect to one or more of climate variables. Compensation is paid after an assessment of losses caused by nature are carried out, says lobo-guerrero, (2010). Catastrophe bonds These are securitised risks which are associated with natural hazards. Reinsurance companies, including large corporations, issue these bonds to reinsure the low frequency-high severity risks, as per lobo-guerrero, (2010). Weather derivatives Weather derivatives are those derivative securities in which an investor will hedge against the future state of the weather. These are based on certain 'weather trigger rather than insuring a loss and are simple to administer than other financial options. This may include, for instance, variation in temperature over a specified period, as per klein, (2014). They have a great potential in the agricultural sector. An investor may pay another if the weather indicator, which includes temperature, rainfall and soil humidity, of a given place, over a given period of time, goes above a certain limit. On the other hand, the other investor will pay if the indicator goes below the agreed-upon limit. Hence, weather derivatives can be used as financial mechanisms by individuals and businesses as part of their overall risk management strategy. As they are based on a certain 'weather trigger, rather than relying on the proof of a loss, therefore they are cheaper to manage as compared to other alte rnative options, asserts klein, (2014). Although these are finding application in most businesses which get affected by weather, their greatest potential may lie in their use in the agricultural sector. Whole life-cycle costing (wlcc) is used for a fair assessment of flood risk and its response effectiveness in the construction industry. Although it is a relatively new concept, the primary purpose of wlcc is to use it as aid for making capital investment decision by providing forecasts involving the long-term costs of construction and ownership of a building or structure. It also provides a dynamic approach and hence can give up-to-date forecasts in regard to costs and performance of the building or structure throughout its life. On the same grounds, a similar methodology is finding use in the agriculture sector for making assessments related to direct and indirect, as well as private and societal costs of adaptation options, weather uncertainties and other natural causes as a consequence and can be applied to many working options or investment, as per klein, (2014). List of references Acton, q.a. 2012, issues in ecological research and application. Scholarlyeditions, atlanta. Ali, p.a.u. And yano, k. 2004, eco-finance: the legal design and regulation of market-based environmental instruments. Kluwer law international, the hague. Connell, d. And grafton, r.q. (ed.) 2011, basin futures: water reform in the murray-darling basin. Anu e press, canberra, act. Grafton, r. Q., pittock, j., williams, j., jiang, q., possingham, h., quiggin, j. (2014). water planning and hydro-climatic change in the murray-darling basin, australia. Ambio, 43(8), 1082-1092. Klein, n. 2014, this changes everything: capitalism vs. The climate. Penguin uk, london. Labatt, s. And white, r.r. 2003, environmental finance: a guide to environmental risk assessment and financial products. John wiley sons, hoboken, nj. Lobo-guerrero, l. 2010, insuring security: biopolitics, security and risk. Routledge, oxon. Mills, p. 2008, the greening of markets, finance and development, vol. 56 (march), pp. 3236. Palutikof, j.p., boulter, s.l., barnett, j. And rissik, d. (ed.) 2014, applied studies in climate adaptation. John wiley sons, west sussex. Rogers, k. And ralph, t.j. 2011, floodplain wetland biota in the murray-darling basin: water and habitat requirements. Csiro publishing, collingwood, vic. Saintilan, n. And overton, i. 2010, ecosystem response modelling in the murray-darling basin. Csiro publishing, collingwood, vic. Woodward, g., hajibabaei, m., dumbrell, a. And baird, d. 2014, big data in ecology. Academic press, london.

Recruiting and Retaining Top Talent

Question: Discuss about the Recruiting and Retaining Top Talent. Answer: Introduction: Human resource management is an approach that allows business organisations in managing their workforce in order to optimise their performance levels. The approach of managing the human resources of a company was started in the industrial revolution and has greatly evolved since then (Hendry, 2012). The present day human resource managers are held responsible for employee training and development, performance management, career management, recruitment and selection and for some other non-core functions like attracting and retaining employees, employee motivation, etc. Human resource management is considered to be one of the most important departments of the present day business organisations (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Recruitment and selection Recruitment and selection is one of the most important core functions in the management of human resources and basically deals with advertisement of job openings, inviting applications for jobs and selecting the right candidates for the right job within the right time period (Spurgeon, Davies, Chapman, 2015). Recruitment and selection is one of the first tasks on the priority list of an organisation and human resource managers as it can be of a great value when trying to align the human resource management strategies with the overall organisational strategies. Retail business is one of the oldest forms of business and has greatly evolved with the passage of time. Retail industry basically operates by offering goods and services to the customers in a physical setup, such as a brick and mortar shop. From traditional brick and mortar shops, the retail industry has grown to huge supermarkets that offer almost everything that a customer can require under a single roof. Retailers like Tesco and Walmart have emerged as global leaders in the industry and are offering millions of products to their customers. The retail industry also offers employment opportunities to millions of people and also forms a significant portion of the global GDP. The fact that the global retail industry is one of the largest industry and requires a lot of workforce to carry out its operations makes it more vulnerable to human resource management practices. Recruitment and selection in the retail industry is one of the most complicated functions that the managers of retail companies have to perform in order to fulfil the human resource demands of the workplace. This report is prepared to gain a deeper insight into the issues related to recruitment and selection in the retail industry and providing recommendations that can help in dealing with the issues. Recruitment and selection issues in retail industry The retail industry is one of the most complicated industries for the human resource managers because the profitability of a company and the quality of customer care services is directly dependent on the number of employees that a company has. Further, there are certain conditions that are experienced in the retail industry, which makes the management of human resources even more difficult. Some of the recruitment and selection issues in the retail industry are given below: First of all, the retail industry experiences a huge fluctuation in its human resource demand and supply patterns. The companies that are operating in the retail industry require human resources for restocking the shelves and to attend the customers that visit the retail outlets for shopping. The number of employees required in a retail outlet can vary from time to time (Brunot, n.d.). For example, retail outlets experience heavy footfall in holiday and festive seasons, such as Christmas, Halloween, etc. and the human resource demand during such seasons can rise significantly. On the other hand, in normal days, a manager working in a retail outlet might experience surplus workforce due to reduced footfall in the outlets. Furthermore, the retail companies also experience very high turnover rates as compared to any other industry. The employees working in retail outlets generally consider it as a part time job and will leave their jobs as soon as they get a better proposition. High employee turnover rates along with fluctuations in human resource demand and supply patterns can cause a lot of trouble to the retail outlet managers as it becomes difficult to predict the human resource demand of an outlet and use the information in recruitment and selection process (Careerbuilder, n.d.). It also forces human resource managers working in the retail outlets to carry on recruitment and selection programs as a continuous process as they can experience jobs going vacant in real time. Secondly, in the retail industry, most of the hiring process is done by the retail outlet managers themselves, who are not professionals in the field of human resource management. In general, the retail companies experience candidates walking into the stores and getting in touch with the store manager for a job. Because the qualifications required to work in a retail store are less and the stores are always on a hunt for new employees, it becomes easier for the managers as well as for the employees to carry out the recruitment process using walk-in interviews (Barrett, 2016). Walk-in interviews limit the pool of candidates that can be screened by the managers to find the right fit for the right job. Further, the managers do not even assess the candidates on the basis of certain tests and are not able to identify their personalities and behaviour aspects. Therefore, the chance of finding the right fir for the right job is very less in the retail industry. Thirdly, retail industry received millions of job applications every year and the applicants belong to diverse cultural backgrounds, age groups, religion, etc. Because the educational qualifications required to work in a retail company are not high, almost every candidate is eligible for being selected to work in a company (Singh Mishra, 2008). As a result, it can become difficult for the store managers to assess the candidates properly and the result is a diverse workforce in the workplace. Even though diversity is considered to be positive for enhancing the performance of a workplace but it requires a competent manager to bring out the best of it using various management practices (Kokemuller, n.d.). As already discussed, retail store managers are not experts in the management of human resources and can face a lot of difficulties in managing a diverse workforce. Fourthly, retail companies are required to behave very carefully towards the applicants who fill up job applications to work in their companies. In a retail business setup, it is highly possible that the employees working in a retail store are also the customers of the business. Candidates are attracted to work in retail outlets from which they purchase goods and services, which makes it important that the managers should deal with the candidates properly because an unethical or a rude refusal can have an effect on their customer base and can also have a negative impact on their market reputation. Therefore, it is very important for the retail companies to carefully carry out their recruitment and selection process so that they do not end up offending the candidates, who are also their customers. Recommendations to improve recruitment and selection in retail industry Recruitment and selection is one of the most important part of a human resource managerial system and business organisations should try to strengthen their recruitment process because it can be of great benefits in the long run. Some recommendations that can be used by companies that are operating in the retail industry, to strengthen their recruitment and selection programs are given below: First of all, retail companies should try to establish dedicated human resource management departments that can look after the management of their workforce. Having a dedicated human resource management team will allow the company to have a competent team looking after various human resource managerial functions and strengthening them. A dedicated human resource department will be able to handle the recruitment and selection process of a company more efficiently and using practices that will help in inviting talented pool of candidates that will be able to fit in the business setup and perform better. They will also be able to design job descriptions and job specifications, which will help them in filtering through the job applications that they receive. Secondly, the retail companies should start planning their workforce as soon as possible. Workforce planning is a concept that allows companies to forecast the human resource demands of their workplace and finding out ways that can be used to fulfil the demand. Workforce planning will also help retail companies in using some important factors that govern the human resource demand of a workplace, such as employee turnover rates, seasonal demand, etc. Involving these factors in the planning of recruitment and selection will also allow retail companies to deal with the fluctuations in human resource demand and supply (ERC, 2011). Workforce planning will also help the company in identifying different sources, such as internal sources and external resources, that can be used to fulfil the human resource demands. Thirdly, the companies operating in the retail industry should try to implement strategies that would help them in retaining and attracting a talented pool of employees. Attracting and retaining talented employees is very important to strengthen a recruitment and selection process because it helps in decreasing the cost of recruitment and increase the return on the resources invested in the recruitment process (Mayhew, n.d.). The companies operating in the retail industry can offer a positive working environment to the employees along with better compensations and benefits. Further, the companies that are operating 24*7 should also try to provide a flexible work arrangement to the employees, which will help them in maintaining a healthier work life balance. Such strategies can greatly help retail companies in strengthening their recruitment and selection process as it would help them in bringing down the employee turnover rates and in attracting and retaining talented pool of employe es. Fourthly, providing better work conditions, flexible work timings, better compensations and benefits, etc. will also allow retail companies to foster a positive market image amongst the candidates and become an employer of choice. Becoming an employer of choice will help the company in attracting talented employees and retaining the existing employees (Stephenson, 2015) Lastly, retail companies can start using human resource management systems, which comprise of software and hardware solutions that assist business organisations in managing their workforce. Using human resource management systems, retail companies can create, store, access and analyse data and information that is related to the human resources of their workplace. Using information from the past and the present, human resource managers will be able to prepare strategies for managing the human resources in the future and identifying human resource demand patterns in a better way (The University Of British Columbia, n.d.). Furthermore, human resource managers can also use human resource information systems to store information about the candidates that had appeared for recruitment in the past but were not recruited. The managers can then get in touch with such candidates when they feel that they need to fulfil the human resource demand but are not being able to invite enough job applica tions. Therefore, human resource management systems can make management of human resources and the recruitment process easier for the retail companies. Conclusion Global retail industry is a complex industry because of being vulnerable to a number of internal and external environment factors and the competition between rival firms makes it even harder for some companies to ensure market survival. Recruitment and selection in retail industry is a vital process as it can help retail companies in becoming more efficient and profitable. Therefore, the companies operating in the retail industry should realise the importance of recruitment and selection programs and should look into the above recommendations to make their recruitment and selection programs more effective. Bibliography Hendry, C. (2012). Human Resource Management . Routledge. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice . Kogan Page Publishers. Spurgeon, P., Davies, R., Chapman, A. (2015). Elements of Applied Psychology . Kokemuller, N. (n.d.). HR Challenges in the Retail Sector . Retrieved May 29, 2017, from smallbusiness.chron.com: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/hr-challenges-retail-sector-43858.html Barrett, D. (2016, October 4). Six recruitment challenges that retailers must conquer . Retrieved May 29, 2017, from www.hrzone.com: https://www.hrzone.com/talent/acquisition/six-recruitment-challenges-that-retailers-must-conquer Brunot, T. (n.d.). HR Challenges in the Retail Sector . Retrieved May 29, 2017, from yourbusiness.azcentral.com: https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/hr-challenges-retail-sector-1648.html Careerbuilder. (n.d.). Recruiting and Retaining Top Talent in the Retail Industry . Retrieved May 29, 2017, from employer.careerbuilder.com: https://employer.careerbuilder.com/jobposter/small-business/article.aspx?articleid=ATL_0170RETAIL Singh, B. D., Mishra, S. (2008, July). JOURNAL ARTICLE Indian Retail Sector- HR Challenges Measures for Improvement. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations , 44(1). Mayhew, R. (n.d.). Key Recruitment Retention Strategies . Retrieved May 29, 2017, from smallbusiness.chron.com: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/key-recruitment-retention-strategies-2534.html ERC. (2011, February 9). 6 Ways to Improve Your Hiring Process . Retrieved May 29, 2017, from www.yourerc.com: https://www.yourerc.com/blog/post/6-Ways-to-Improve-Your-Hiring-Process.aspx The University Of British Columbia. (n.d.). HR Information Systems . Retrieved May 29, 2017, from www.hr.ubc.ca: https://www.hr.ubc.ca/information-systems/hrms/ Stephenson, J. (2015, March 24). 11 Step Guide to Improving Your Recruiting Process Reputation. Retrieved May 29, 2017, from www.linkedin.com: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/11-step-guide-improving-your-recruiting-process-jessica