The Issue Of Elder Abuse And Neglect Social Work Essay

The Issue Of sr. Ab lend oneself And Neglect Social Work Essay seniorberry bush contumely and neglect is a critical wellness woo issue that essential be brought to the attention of wellness trade erectrs and fourth-year adults family members. Adults sure-enough(a) than 65 who live at home or in long-term dole out facilities whitethorn be at risk for demoralize. Nurses should be aware of the precedents, viewing questions, symptoms of rib, and resources in the community. Armed with information and a better understanding near the issue, nurses canful minimize the devastating effects of convolute on one conviction(a) adults and their families.Every man, woman, and s inducer bes to be treated with respect and caring. Individuals of solely ages deserve to be protected from harm by worrygivers (American Psychological Association, 2006). Significant form _or_ system of government developments during the past 20 years comport focused on eliminating deprave. How ever, a deficit in health care providers knowledge and clinical dexterity application remains. The purpose of this article is to define and describe the kinds of crime, their potential clinical presentations, and theoretical explanations for vilification to enhance nurses knowledge and understanding of their role in its assessment and management in onetime(a) adults.BACKGROUNDAbuse is be as the infliction of injury, unreasonable confinement, intimidation, or penalisation, with resulting sensible harm, pain, or kind anguish (Table 1). It can also be the willful deprivation by a caregiver of goods or services that are necessary to suffer physical or cordial health (American Psychological Association, 2006). seniorly affront and neglect has plagued society for centuries but only recently has the issue watch over to the attention of health care providers, legal philosophy en linement agencies, and tutelar services. Fewer check for studies exist about the ill-usage o f sometime(a) adults than about separate forms of family delirium, including child abuse, rape, and intimate partner violence. The earliest reports of aged abuse and neglect in the United Kingdom in the 1970s dramatized case reports of the phenomenon, termed Granny battering. The health care community and the public were shocked and appalled. A decade tardilyr, studies sustain that the hassle was common in the United States as well.In the late 1970s, the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging issued a series of reports on abuse and neglect occurring in nursing homes. In 1981, the U.S. House of Representatives rent Committee on Aging conducted hearings in which victimized older adults gave primary testimony of their experiences with abuse. In 1986, the Institute of Medicine published recommendations for preventing the maltreatment of older adults in institutions, and several years later, the senior Abuse Task pound was created by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Heal th and kind-hearted Services. The task force developed an action plan for the recognition and cake of maltreatment of older adults in their own homes, health care facilities, and communities. The action plan implicate data collection, research, technical assistance, training, and public education. The bailiwick Center on Elder Abuse was established as part of the Administration on Agings Elder Care Campaign. Adult Protective Services programs now exist in every state to serve vulnerable adults, particularly older adults, who whitethorn be at risk for abuse and neglect. M both legality enforcement agencies and Offices of the rule Attorney arrest investigative staff specifically trained to address abuse of older adults and other vulnerable populations, in collaboration with health care and protective service professionals.Such actions have led to change magnitude public and health care provider awareness about elder abuse and neglect. Researchers have also sought to grasp the full reaching and starts of maltreatment among older adults. Laws that require health care providers to report suspect cases have been instituted in nearly every state. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (2006) standards for emergency departments and ambulatory care centers call for improved identification and management of elder abuse, in addition to intimate partner violence and child abuse.As the U.S. population ages, demands placed on health care systems to care for older adults are increasing. More than 36 million commonwealth who live in the United States are older than age 65, and 600,000 older adults will require assisted reenforcement (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Aging, 2006). Currently, there are approximately 17,000 nursing homes in the United States, with 1.6 million residents (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Aging, 2004). Unfortunately, older adults are becoming victim s of intentional abuse and neglect inwardly their own homes, as well as in assisted living and long-term care facilities.Each year in the United States, 1 to 2 million adults older than age 65 are injured, exploited, or mistreated by their caregivers (National Research Council Panel to Review Risk and preponderance of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 2003). One community-based, cross-sectional survey reported that 32 of every 1,000 older adults reported that they had experienced some form of maltreatment at least once since reaching age 65 (Pillemer Finkelhor, 1988). Underreporting is distinctive with all kinds of abuse, and it is estimated that only 1 in 14 elder maltreatment cases are reported. Health care providers can expect to see a steady increase in the number of cases of elder maltreatment as the older adult population rapidly increases.THEORIES OF ELDER ABUSEElder abuse is a complex problem with multiple risks and causes. Dysfunctional family lives, heathenish issues, and caregi ver inadequacies have been implicated as contributing factors. Awareness of such(prenominal) factors may help nurses understand and anticipate situations where maltreatment may be preventable.Several theories attempt to explain the existence and increasing position of elder abuse. The transgenerational, or social learning, scheme asserts that violence is a learned behavior. Individuals who have witnessed or been victims of family violence are more(prenominal) than likely to try to disrupt challenging and uncorrectable life situations with violent tactics they learned in their formative growth. Although 90% of perpetrators of elder abuse are reported to be family members, this cannot account for all cases (Fulmer, Guadagno, Bitondo, Dyer, Connolly, 2004).Situational theory patronizes the idea that the greater the burden on caregivers, the more likely caregivers are to abuse. Exchange theory addresses the dependence of older adults on their caregivers as a risk of abuse, alon g with incapable methods of problem solving as an established pattern of family behavior. Political economic theory addresses the changing roles of older adults. Their loss of independence and income may cause them to look to others for care and support (Fulmer et al., 2004).Psychopathology of the caregiver theory studies caregivers with severe activated or mental health problems or addictions that put the older adults for whom they care at risk of being abused. For example, a caregiver with a mental health problem who cares for a frail older adult with cognitive impairment is a dangerous combination and may break to insubordinate behavior and maltreatment. Although theoretical frameworks cannot explain all cases of elder maltreatment, they can provide a foundation for nurses to begin to understand the combination of factors responsible for the occurrence of elder abuse and initiate a holistic plan of care. care for ASSESSMENT INTERVENTIONSNurses are in an ideal position to he ad for the hills a epoch-making role in the detection, management, and prevention of elder maltreatment and may be the only individuals outside of the family who have rhythmic contact with an older adult. Nurses are uniquely qualified to perform physical and psychological assessments, install confirmatory diagnostic tests (e.g., blood tests, x-rays), and collaborate with physicians and protective services. They may crystallize services, such as home health care, or recommend hospital admission as they initiate further investigation by the steal local agencies.Opportunities for abuse detection and intervention occur daily in health care settings. In institutional settings, nurses may monitor persevering health and perform health history interviews and physical, psychological, sexual, and financial abuse assessments that may be crucial to elicit reports, expose or prevent abuse, and interpose for patients safety (Wieland, 2000). Nurses and other health care providers are part of an interprofessional group collaborating to experience appropriate, sensitive, and safe outcomes for older adult patients.Institutional maltreatment occurs in long-term care facilities, board-and-care homes, and other assisted-living facilities. Institutional aesculapian directors, private practitioners, nurses, and all health care workers in daily contact with older adults have a responsibility to identify, treat, and prevent abuse.Abuse may be perpetrated by a staff member, another patient, an intruder or a visitor, or a family caregiver. Abuse may include failure to implement a plan of care or provide treatment, unauthorized use of physical or chemical restraints, and use of medication or isolation for punishment or staff convenience. Nurses must be aware of patient diagnoses, medical orders for care, and medications and their side effects to recognize what is jealous and needs further valuation or warrants a report to supervisors. However, most elder maltreatment does no t occur in institutions but in the home at the hand of a caregiver, often a family member.Unless nurses are educated about abuse and how to observe suspicious injuries, elder abuse may be demanding to detect. Definitions of the kinds of abuse and their signs and symptoms should be included in the training and education of family members and health care workers who care for older adults. Older adults experiencing abuse may be unable to communicate clearly, their bruises may be attributed to the aging process, or they may be fearful and hesitant to report abuse (Wieland, 2000). Indications of physical abuse should signal health care providers to evaluate for other kinds of abuse, such as sexual abuse.In addition to inadequate information, training, and the caregivers experience of caring for older adults, older adults are at risk for maltreatment due to other vulnerabilities. Older adult residents in institutions are typically dependent and chronically ill and may have cognitive, v isual, and auditory impairments. They are usually more frail than are younger patients and may not have regular visitors who monitor their mental status, physical condition, or health care. In older adults, each vulner business leader increases their mortality risk (Fulmer et al., 2004).Co-existing conditions and medical diagnoses may lead to worse outcomes for older adults who are abused. They may have a rock-bottom mogul to heal afterward injury and may experience greater trauma from physical injuries than do younger people. Their bones are more brittle and tissue more easily bruised, abraded, and lacerated with minimal trauma. injure older adults differ from the younger population in terms of cause of injury, physical and psychological responses to abuse and injury, and outcomes.Dementia is common in 50% of residents of long-term care facilities (National Center for Health Statistics, 1985), and cognitive impairments often cause older adults to behave in a more resistant fash ion toward caregivers. Impaired cognition, along with insufficient resources, staff shortages, high staff turnover, and inadequate supervision and training, may increase the risk of elder maltreatment. In addition, social ignorance about required standards for quality care and victimized older adults credenza of abusive or neglectful behavior can lead to exasperation of elder abuse in institutions.Routine questions related to elder abuse and neglect can be incorporated into daily nursing practice. small-scale cognitive capacity does not necessarily negate older adults ability to describe maltreatment. It is always reasonable for nurses to ask about abuse or neglect. A brief mental status examination can be helpful in evaluating patients cognitive status.Assessment for elder abuse should include caregiver, as well as victim, evaluation. Nurses should conduct interviews and examinations with the patient first, in a private setting separate from the caregiver.Clinical settings shou ld have a protocol for the detection and assessment of elder maltreatment. Protocols should consist of a narrative, checklist, or regularize forms that enable rapid screening for elder abuse and provide guidelines for fundamental documentation that may help disclose patterns of abuse over time and will withstand scrutiny in court. Basic demographic questions should be included and should allow the interviewer to determine the family composition and socioeconomic status. Interviews should proceed from usual questions that assess the patients sense of well-being to those focusing on specific kinds of abuse. commonalty signs and symptoms of maltreatment should be evaluated (Table 2).Elder abuse screening instruments are summarized by Fulmer et al. (2004). Questions recommended by Wieland (2000) for general abuse screening and assessment include* Do you feel safe where you are living?* Who is responsible for your care?* Do you often disagree with your caregiver(s)? If so, what happ ens?* Does anyone scold or shout at you, slam-bang or hit you, or leave you alone and make you sojourn for care or food?After general screening questions, more specific questions about kinds of abuse may follow* Has anyone ever moved(p) you without your consent?* Has anyone ever made you do things you did not want to do?* Has anyone ever taken something that was yours without asking?* Have you ever signed any documents that you did not understand?Health care providers do not have to prove that elder maltreatment has occurred. They need to screen and document suspicious verbal and physical findings, which may be as simple as stating that the patient seems to have health or personal problems and needs assistance. dependable documentation may include drawings of injuries on body diagrams or photographs to support written reports. Suspicious claims for abuse and neglect may be difficult to quantify. Diagnosis of elder maltreatment depends on education about abuse and application of that knowledge by the multidisciplinary team of health care providers, law enforcement agencies, advocates, and patients. Protocols for elder abuse screening, assessment of risk factors, and documentation should be affix in all health care facilities.ABUSE AND THE LAWNational standards for care in nursing homes are based on the breast feeding Home Reform Act of 1987. The law is part of the Consolidated passenger vehicle Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, often referred to as OBRA 87. The intent of the law is to promote high-quality care and prevent substandard care. The law also seeks to ensure that the corrects of nursing home residents are respected. These include* The right of protection against Medicaid discrimination.* The right to participate in health care decisions and to give or refuse informed consent for particular interventions.* The right to safeguards to reduce inappropriate use of physical and chemical restraints.* The right for provisions to ensure proper transfe rs or discharges.* The right to full access to a personal physician, long-term care ombudsman, and other advocates.* The right to be free from verbal, sexual, physical, or mental abuse, sensible punishment, and involuntary seclusion.* The right to be free from physical restraints or mind-expanding drugs administered for the purpose of discipline or convenience.Nearly all states have compulsory reporting laws that require health care professionals and paraprofessionals to report suspected elder abuse and neglect to a designated authority. Some state laws specify that after authorities have been alerted to suspected elder abuse or neglect, an actor of the state must make an onsite investigation in an attempt to uphold the report. Uniform reporting systems are established, and cases are assigned and investigated by protective services in a timely fashion. Cases are assigned and investigated by protective services in a timely fashion. Nurses may play an important role in preventing and identifying elder abuse, as well as in the subsequent investigation.CONCLUSIONElder abuse is a significant problem in the United States and often goes unreported and unrecognized. Elder abuse may be physical, emotional, psychological, sexual, or financial. Immediate care, overnight housing, and care in a safe location, in addition to long-term care and home-delivered food, may be necessary. Elder abuse may be a pincer issue that can be easily resolved or it can result in severe and life-threatening debilitation.The more knowledge health care providers have, the more likely they are to institute strategies for abuse prevention and management. No matter how minor or severe the abuse, nurses have a duty to assess elderly patients according to recommended protocols and report suspected abuse to designated authorities. The multidisciplinary team then works together to help resolve the issue. The application of knowledge about elder abuse includes screening, assessment, and sound do cumentation in an attempt to enhance the quality of life and maximize the functional ability of older adults.Sidebar